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Item type:Publication, Nos habíamos terruqueado tanto: cómo y por qué el poder instrumentaliza el concepto “terrorismo”(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-12-10)This paper examines the discursive appropriation of the concept of “terrorism” by the contemporary establishment. Drawing some indications from the political philosophies of Plato and Hobbes, who share a similar enthusiasm for violence as an instrument of power, the argument is made that the misuse of the concept of “terrorism” functions as a mechanism for the self-legitimation and self-affirmation of power. This is the case because power, through widely disseminated doctrinal systems, presents terrorist acts as a sample of the hypothetical state of total chaos that would arise if its current configuration were modified. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Resilience and climate instability at the beginning of the Middle Horizon (550–800 A.D.)(University of Florida Press, 2024-03-05)This article presents a study of the relationship between violence and climate stress in the Lima culture, a pre-Hispanic society of the Peruvian central coast, which developed approximately between 200 and 800 A.D. Different investigations have shown that around 550–750 A.D., the Peruvian coast experienced strong El Niño events that created environmental and social stress scenarios for coastal pre-Hispanic societies. Our data show that although evidence supports the presence of at least one powerful El Niño event on the central coast around 600 A.D., this episode of climatic stress related to extensive flood deposits seems to have not had a direct effect on the levels of interpersonal and intergroup violence recorded at Lima culture sites during this period. The prevalence of cranial trauma seems to have decreased during this time compared with the previous phase (from 50% to 25% in males and from 40% to 15.7% in females). The pattern and lethality of the lesions suggest that they were primarily produced in nonlethal face-to-face encounters, although some individuals could have also been victims of raiding. However, even though interpersonal/intergroup violence did not rise during this period of climatic stress, more complicated and ritualized manifestations of violence arose instead. Further comparisons of these findings with other Andean regions showed that coastal pre-Hispanic societies reacted in different ways to these challenging climate events. Through cooperation and an effective social, political, and economic reorganization, the Limas coped with a challenging period. Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre la relación entre violencia y estrés climático en la cultura Lima, una sociedad prehispánica de la costa central del Perú, la cual se desarrolló aproximadamente entre 200-800 AD. Diversas investigaciones han mostrado que alrededor de 550-750 AD la costa peruana experimentó fuertes eventos de El Niño que causaron escenarios de estrés social y ambiental para las sociedades prehispánicas costeras. Nuestros datos muestran que, aunque la evidencia apoya la presencia de al menos un evento de El Niño muy severo alrededor de 600 AD, este episodio relacionado con extensos depósitos aluviales no tuvo un efecto directo en los niveles de violencia interpersonal registrados en sitios de la cultura Lima durante este periodo. La prevalencia de trauma craneal parece haber decrecido durante este tiempo en comparación con periodos previos (de 50% a 25% en individuos masculinos y de 40% a 15.7% en femeninos). El patrón de letalidad de las lesiones sugiere que estas fueron producidas principalmente en encuentros no letales cara a cara, aunque algunos individuos pudieron ser víctimas de incursiones. Sin embargo, aun cuando la violencia interpersonal no aumentó durante este periodo de estrés climático, sí aumentaron las manifestaciones más ritualizadas y complejas de violencia. Comparaciones adicionales de estos hallazgos con otras regiones andinas muestra que las sociedades costeras prehispánicas reaccionaron de diferentes formas a estos desafiantes eventos climáticos. Aparentemente, los lima pudieron superar este difícil periodo por medio de la cooperación y una efectiva reorganización social, política y económica. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Doing business in fear: senior entrepreneurship amid rising violence in Peru(Emerald Publishing, 2026-01-01)Purpose – Drawing on mixed-embeddedness theory, the present study aims to address the following research question: How do senior entrepreneurs in Peru navigate the challenge of state fragility and the associated increase in violence currently affecting the country? Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted 33 semi-structured interviews with senior entrepreneurs in Peru. The data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings – Findings reveal that senior entrepreneurs employ three primary coping strategies: work routine strategies (reducing working hours and days, considering home-based business activities and exploring digital business operations); personal and livelihood security strategies (relying on thugs and henchmen, adopting new protective technologies and increasing dependence on daily loans); and business entrepreneurial strategies (accepting lower sales, expressing concerns about the future of their businesses and contemplating leaving their homeland). These strategies represent the main ways in which senior entrepreneurs in Peru respond to the country’s state fragility and escalating violence. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship and grand challenges, an area in which empirical studies on how senior entrepreneurs cope with challenges such as state fragility remain scarce to date. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, "This democracy is no longer democracy": Protest Art and the aesthetics of subversion in times of political repression in Peru “ESTA DEMOCRACIA YA NO ES DEMOCRACIA”: ARTE DE PROTESTA Y ESTÉTICA DE LA SUBVERSIÓN EN TIEMPOS DE REPRESIÓN POLÍTICA EN PERÚ¹(Universitat de Valencia, Faculty of Philology, Translation and Communication, 2026-07-20)This study examines the transformative role of art in contexts of violence and state repression in Peru, much like what occurs in other Latin American countries. With a critical approach, it investigates how artistic practices subvert official narratives and articulate discourses of resistance that denounce historical inequalities and tensions inherited from processes of colonialism and exclusion. The study focuses on three cultural manifestations: the protest song "Esta democracia ya no es democracia," which emerged during the mobilizations against the government of Dina Boluarte in 2022 and 2023; the sculpture *La descarada* by César Aguilar, which, through visual symbolism, critiques state power and its hierarchical structures; and the *blanquinegra* flag, a modification of the national emblem that resignifies mourning and protest in the face of repression. By integrating methodologies such as Critical Discourse Analysis, iconographic analysis, and Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis, the study unravels the mechanisms that allow these symbols to transform pain and inequality into tools of denunciation and empowerment. The findings reveal that art, by articulating new social imaginaries, generates spaces of resistance and fosters processes of political and social change in the region. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Prevention and Control of Violence and Aggression in Football Fans: Implications for Sport Psychologists, Fans, and Policymakers(Taylor & Francis, 2023-11-02)This research was conducted to design an interpretive structural model of factors affecting the prevention and control of violence and aggression in football fans. The statistical population of this study was entirely composed of sport experts, executive managers, sociologists, and management professors in Iran. Thirteen individuals were accordingly selected as the research sample using non-probability purposeful sampling. The effective factors were identified through library study and reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background. Confirming the content validity of these factors by considering experts' opinions, 14 factors were finally identified. The interrelationships between the factors were determined using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and network analysis based on Decision Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was also employed to measure their importance, ranking them accordingly. The factors were categorized into four levels according to ISM. The highest level (first level) includes "match day service quality," "fair refereeing," "consolidation of social ties," and "cognitive reconstruction of fans." The second level contains "design, protection, and security of stadiums," "patterning and identification," and "use of calming techniques." "Awareness and informing" and "anger control training" belong to the third level, while the lowest level (fourth level) includes "media," "fan organizations," "laws, regulations, and security solutions," "moral education or persuasion," and "teaching communication skills to fans." Among them, the last level is fundamental, influencing the other factors. The results obtained in this work can be used as a basis for policymaking to reduce violence and aggression among football fans. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Athena in the Andes: The Role of the Women of the Encomendero Group in the Pizarro Rebellion (1544–1548)(Universidad de Tarapaca, 2023-01-01)Although wars during the Modern Age were mostly considered a male affair, women played a prominent role in them. This article aims to focus on women’s performance and role in the war events of the early Peruvian viceroyalty through an episode that took place during Gonzalo Pizarro’s uprising. The analysis of this event, which involved women of the powerful encomendero group from Arequipa, will allow us to delve into various vital aspects, such as considering women in war or the moral values and gender stereotypes in the American territory during this complex period. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Climate Change and El Niño Events in the Ancient Andes: Integrating Archaeological and Biorchaeological Perspectives(Springer Nature, 2026-01-01)Our primary goals for this paper include stimulating further interdisciplinary studies of El Niño events, especially those that combine archaeological and bioarchaeological knowledge with that derived from environmental sciences. In so doing, we review recent archaeological and bioarchaeological studies of El Niño events in both northern and southern Peru, regions with distinct susceptibilities to such profound climatic events but likely to exhibit similar human responses. In addition, we illustrate the significance of studying the past in mitigating the impact of El Niño events today. We also note the ways early colonial policies exacerbated the impact of El Niño in cultures where earlier coping strategies were overlooked.