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Item type:Publication, Resistance prediction of laminates, fillet-welded and full penetration-welded bolted T-stub connections(Wiley, 2021-09-01)Bolted end plate connections are usually considered an optimal alternative in rigid‐frame steel design because they have competitive costs and good structural behaviour. The characterization of this type of connection is defined by the moment‐curvature relationship in terms of strength, stiffness and ductility, and the method of components is the analytical procedure proposed by the Eurocode standard to predict the rotational behaviour. The T‐stub is the component that idealizes the transfer of tensile forces in components of the column flange and the endplate in bending components and is composed by one T‐shape element made of a web in tension joined to a flange in bending. The connection between the web and the flange can be set continuously (in rolled profiles) or welded, and the type of welding procedure considered, fillet or by full penetration, depends on the type of loads that the connection is submitted. e.g., in the case of dynamically loaded structures, in machinery supports or structures emplaced on seismic zones, is recommended the use of full penetration to avoid a premature failure by fatigue. This paper exposes the study results of the influence of the three types of connections between the web and the flange in T‐stub connections. Monotonic loading tests, applied by a universal test machine and analysed by the Digital Image Correlation technique, have been performed at laboratories of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Results, represented by Force‐displacement characteristics curves and strains and stresses fields, are compared with the evaluation of analytical formulae, and the results of a FEM model developed to analyse the component. The conclusions are that the type of connections between the web and the flange greatly influences the T‐stub behaviour. Currently, the bibliography defines specific values for the variable m (defined as the equivalent distance from the centre of a fastener to the plastic hinge form near to the web face) for cases of laminated or fillet welded T‐stub connections. However, there is no prescription to analyse the structural behaviour of T‐stub welded by full penetration. We recommend a deeper study for this typology of connections to propose additional values in future versions of the Eurocodes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Feasibility analysis of the application of restricted buckling braces as a response control system(International University of Sarajevo, 2024-07-05)Peru is a country with high seismic activity, necessitating the implementation of seismic response control techniques in its buildings to enhance protection without incurring high costs. Although seismic response control systems are already in use, displacement-activated energy dissipators, such as buckling restrained braces (BRB), are not yet common in Peru, unlike in other countries where they are widely used. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to redesign a structural steel building using buckling restrained braces as a seismic response control system. Secondary objectives include analyzing the theoretical principles behind the design of these elements, determining the most appropriate configuration for the specified building, evaluating the proposed reinforcement through nonlinear analyses, and comparing performance differences with and without the use of BRBs. For this, both national and international standards such as the Peruvian seismic-resistant design standard E030, ASCE 7-16, AISC 341-16, and AISC 360-16, among others, were applied. The process began with an extensive compilation of information and bibliographic review, followed by the selection of the steel building for redesign with the new response control system. The main configurations of BRB suitable for the proposed analysis direction were explored and selected. Subsequently, the building design was initiated, starting with the sizing of the BRB cores and their verification under the Peruvian standard E030 through a linear dynamic analysis. The design was then evaluated by adjusting the force distributions of the BRBs in the other frame components. Finally, a comparison of the structural performance of the system with BRBs versus the original SCBF system was conducted through a nonlinear static analysis, concluding with a nonlinear dynamic Time-History analysis to verify the building's maximum responses, such as drifts, displacements, forces, and dissipated energy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Considering the Effective Stiffness in Beams, Columns and Structural Walls(2023-12-21)The Peruvian Technical Standard E.030 for Seismic Resistant Design allows the analysis of the elastic range of buildings, considering gross stiffness. However, Peruvian Standard E060 considers the effects of axial loads, cracked regions in structural elements, and load duration. This research focuses on the impact of incorporating effective stiffness in seismic responses (displacements, drifts, and vibration periods) for six, seven, and eight-story reinforced concrete structures. The study quantifies the increase in seismic responses for design earthquakes and suggests that using effective stiffness in elastic analyses can reduce structural damage. To analyze seismic responses, three buildings of different heights were selected, meeting drift limits established by Standard E.030 using the gross section. Subsequently, twelve structural cases and combinations were created and analyzed in the ETABS program, employing the CQC criterion allowed by Standard E030. Different combinations of effective moment of inertia values for elastic analyses, according to ACI 318 (2014), were used. The study found that the simultaneous reduction of gross inertias of columns, beams, and structural walls led to a 1.2-fold increase in period and a 1.5-fold increase in drift, with variations based on the building's height. In conclusion, it is recommended to consider effective stiffness in elastic structural analyses to minimize displacement damage and ensure better structural performance during severe seismic events. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Assessment of Hammer Energy Measurement for the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Using Pile Driving Analyzer and Kallpa Analyzer Devices in Peru(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025)Energy measurement in dynamic penetration tests is key to correctly interpreting test results and ensuring comparable geotechnical data. Although commercial devices are widely used, their high cost limits adoption in developing regions such as Peru, affecting the accuracy of soil evaluation in many geotechnical studies. In this context, this research presents an energy measurement system called Kallpa, which uses low-cost electronic components to digitize sensor signals during Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs). Kallpa employs high-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with an advanced sampling frequency, processing and storing data via a Raspberry Pi 4 microcomputer. The sensors, including accelerometers and strain gauges, were calibrated and compared with the Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) to validate their accuracy in the Kallpa system. This study involved sixteen Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) conducted in various regions of Peru using donut hammers and two tests involving automatic hammers. The results demonstrate that the Kallpa system is comparable to other energy measurement devices on the market, such as the Dynamic Penetration Test (DPT), which provides accurate SPT energy measurements. The Kallpa Processor (Version 1.0) software was developed to perform data acquisition and calibration, analyzing approximately 500 hammer blows and comparing peak values with those of the Pile Driving Analyzer. The data collected by Kallpa’s sensors strongly agreed with the PDA data, validating the reliability of the device. The Energy Transfer Ratio (ETR) for manual hammers ranged from 43.5% to 68.4%, with an average of 58.9%, whereas automatic hammers presented ETR values between 82% and 87%. The correction of the N60 blow count allowed for the estimation of the relative density of soils evaluated at different depths and locations across Peru.12 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Structural Damage Detection Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based 3D Model and Deep Learning on a Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridge(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025)Visual inspection is a common method for detecting structural damage, but has limitations in terms of subjectivity, time, and access. This research proposes an innovative approach to identify cracks using a 3D model generated from photographs of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN). These networks are effective in detecting complex patterns, improving the accuracy and efficiency of damage identification based on simple visual inspection. The case study is the old Villena Rey bridge in Lima, Peru. The methodology covers (i) the development of a 3D model of the bridge structure, (ii) the extraction of photographs of the model and its binary segmentation, (iii) the application of deep learning through the training and testing phase of a CNN to achieve crack detection in photographs, and (iv) damage location within the 3D model. An 88.4% accuracy was achieved in crack detection, identifying 18 damage points, of which 3 turned out to be false positives. Additionally, it was determined that the left pillar in the southern area of the bridge presented the highest concentration of damage, which underlines the effectiveness of the method used.1