3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Peru(Elsevier, 2020-01-01)The large biodiversity of Peru presents many opportunities and challenges regarding proper characterization of plant and animal toxins. In addition, there are naturally occurring sources of heavy metals that raise some concerns. Man-made activities such as illegal mining activities, lead in paint and combustibles commercialized until 2004, agricultural overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, urban particulate pollution from aging cars, and improperly disposed residues from urban waste, fisheries, and the metal-mechanic industry represent hotspots of concern regarding occupational and population-wide exposures. Most regulation is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment or the Ministry of Health. One undergraduate and one graduate degree in Toxicology is offered by Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Water-related challenges in nexus governance for sustainable development: Insights from the city of Arequipa, Peru(Elsevier, 2020-12-10)Peru has one of the fastest-growing economies in Latin America, but there are concerns regarding how long this can be sustained. Negative environmental impacts are increasing due to the pressures of a growing urban population and competition for natural resources. This study explores stakeholder perceptions linked to nexus governance in the context of integrated management of natural resources, particularly water, and the environmental, socio-economic and governance challenges constraining the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our analysis focused on the urban and rural areas associated with the city of Arequipa, an economically dynamic region subject to extreme levels of water stress. Face-to-face interviews with key informants were conducted to identify mechanisms that have enhanced successful multi-sectoral collaboration, and to assess challenges in promoting sustainable economic development. A workshop prioritised the identified challenges and an online survey was then used to assess stakeholder interest in and influence over nexus governance of water with other natural resources. Stakeholder mapping revealed a complex network of actors involved in nexus governance, where successful collaboration could be promoted through formal and informal mechanisms, including exemplar policies and initiatives across sectors and actors. Shared visions between stakeholders were identified as well as contradictory priorities relating to the sustainable management of natural resources. A key finding that emerged was the need to promote adaptation in water and land management (SDG 6) due to perceived impacts of extreme climate events (SDG 13), urban population growth (SDG 11), and increased sectoral water demands. This situation in combination with poor governance and lack of planning has exposed the vulnerability of Arequipa water supply system to future shocks. Urgent action will be needed to raise stakeholder awareness, strengthen governance and enforcement, and agree on a collective vision for integrated land and water planning if the SDGs are to be achieved. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Institutional innovations in mining contexts: the experience of community water monitoring in Argentina and Peru(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2021-12-01)En el contexto de transformaciones institucionales que devino a partir de la expansin minera en Amrica Latina, este artculo explora una innovacin institucional de carcter social: los monitoreos hdricos comunitarios (MHC). Desde un enfoque cualitativo se aborda la emergencia de experiencias alternativas de control ambiental de la minera en Argentina y Per. El trabajo abona al debate sobre los procesos de cambio institucional en contextos mineros, pero se focaliza en un aspecto poco explorado: las innovaciones institucionales de carcter social y su relacin con la falta de legitimidad de las entidades estatales de control ambiental. El anlisis exhibe que mediante un proceso de repolitizacin de instrumentos prexistentes los actores comunitarios disean e implementan esquemas alternativos de control am- - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, One industry, different conflicts: a typology of mining mobilization(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-03-01)Mining conflicts are comprised of diverse socio-territorial mobilizations that originate in different parts of countries where mineral deposits are exploited, and became politicized to target international companies and national state policies. To analyze the diversity of mining conflicts, this paper develops a multidimensional matrix typology based on the intersection of two core dimensions: the framing of claims and the degree of disruption of repertoires of contention. The result is four types of conflicts: resistance, negotiation, subordination, and dependency. The paper finds empirical evidence for the conceptual typology through the analysis of a database of 49 case studies of mining conflicts in Latin America, providing rich, contextual, and historical information that allows not only for more accurate classifications of conflicts, but also for better understanding of how different combinations of claims and repertoires can advocate for different policy outcomes and relations with the state and mining companies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Mercury pollution in Peru: geographic distribution, health hazards, and sustainable removal technologies(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022-08-01)Peru is one of the great gold producers worldwide. However, a significant portion of the gold produced in Peru derives from artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Andes and Amazon. In ASGM, gold amalgamation with mercury (Hg) is a critical procedure to refine gold through the formation of Au-Hg alloys. Due to the rudimentary and improvised techniques conducted by small-scale and informal miners, Hg contamination has become of great concern and is strictly associated with ASGM. Multiple studies have evidenced notably high concentrations of Hg in consumable fish species, rivers, sediments, and air in locations where ASGM is one of the main sources of income to local communities and is carried out aggressively. In the present review, we have conducted a systematic search for national and international literature reporting the concentration and distribution of Hg pollution across environmental compartments, biota, and human samples in Peru. The results and data retrieved from the articles were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, and the distribution of Hg across environmental compartments was visualized through a geographic information system. Additionally, we reviewed the use of adsorption techniques as alternatives to treat Hg0 vapor from the gold shop and smelter flues, one of the main sources of hazardous levels of Hg exposure. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Counterpoint between mitas: Mitayo labor in the highlands and the coast, the city and the countryside in colonial Peru(Universidad de Tarapaca, 2022-01-01)Este estudio comparativo confronta una realidad laboral múltiple y muy compleja del trabajo mitayo de los indígenas en el Perú colonial, a partir de una información inédita o poco utilizada.Aborda el estudio del régimen laboral de la mita colonial en dos de las diferentes condiciones en que se dio en los siglos XVI y XVII.De un lado, la mita en una población altoandina, cuya población tributaria debía servir en tres diferentes tipos de mita: estancias ganaderas, obraje textil y mina de Huancavelica; de otro lado, la mita en las haciendas de la costa alrededor de Lima, con tributarios procedentes de diferentes partes de la costa y la sierra de Lima.Este contrapunto nos muestra tanto los aspectos fundamentales comunes como los divergentes en este sistema laboral que fue central para el ordenamiento económico de la colonia, pero que es menos conocido fuera del ámbito minero. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The commitment to infrastructure: Public investment and the reproduction of water scarcity in contexts of large mining in Peru and Colombia(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2022-01-01)Public and private policies typically consider the construction of infrastructure the most appropriate response to the problems of water scarcity and water disputes. However, infrastructure in itself not always is the solution. In this context we have the following questions: What are the logics behind the construction and implementation of water infrastructure? Why water infrastructures are not alone a solution to water stress and scarcity? How does infrastructure construction reduce or deepen inequalities in access to water? This article answers these questions by arguing that water infrastructures respond to technical-political projects of territorial control and mining expansion located in areas of mining influence, rather than aiming to solve water access and supply problems. In doing so, they ended up deepening inequalities in local water access. This article compares infrastructures constructed in the context of large-scale mining projects in Espinar, Peru and La Guajira, Colombia. The information presented was collected following qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and situated ethnographies). Likewise, the article systematizes secondary quantitative and qualitative data provided by government institutions related to water and mining, and the Environmental Impact Studies and web publications regarding the Tintaya-Antapaccay and Cerrejón mining projects. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Entangled territorial controversies: Contesting mining, territorial ordering, and authority in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10-01)This article examines territorial disputes in the Palajunoj Valley of Quetzaltenango, Guatemala's second largest city located in the western highlands. Drawing on our field research, we explore how dominant territory-making practices and indigenous-led resistance play out over an emerging municipal territorial ordering plan that gets interwoven with disputes over large-scale mining, waste disposal, and municipal authority amid wider urban–rural marginalization and tensions. We innovatively combine the notions of territory, territorial ordering governmentality, and the echelons (or levels) of rights framework to unpack the different layers on which dominant actor alliances’ territorialization strategies and the responses of territorial defense movements emerge. Departing from an understanding that the disputes in the valley are not only about resources, but also entwine struggles over rules, authority, and discourses, we make a twofold argument. First, we argue that the ruling-group's existing territory-making practices and new territorial ordering techniques coincide across the echelons, building on and reinforcing stark power imbalances. Second, we argue that indigenous-led, territory-based resistance movements engage in diverse strategies of contestation to articulate shared concerns around externally-imposed territorial interventions across echelons, but are challenged by micropolitical fragmentation, threats and instances of violence, and fragile multi-scalar support networks. Our analysis suggests that future territorial defense depends on the strengthening of multi-scalar and multi-actor alliances that – while acknowledging difference and tensions within and among resisting actors − devise their strategies along the four interconnected echelons and articulate their concerns in converging yet plural resistance strategies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Maps’ agency and mountains’ multiplicity: Conflicts triggered by state maps involving pilgrims and desired mining futures in the Andes(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-09-01)This article analyzes how the agency of state maps triggered conflicts between rural communities, pilgrims, and state institutions, in which some mountains emerged as multiple entities within and beyond the nature-culture divide. The Quyllurit'i shrine is the focus of an important pilgrimage in the Andes. The Peruvian state established the shrine´s Protected Area in 2010 but had been granting mining concessions around it. Confronted with a state map of the Protected Area surrounded by mining concessions, the pilgrims' organizations called for their nullification and staged protests in Cuzco city in 2016. Meanwhile, the community within which the shrine is located experienced the establishment of the Protected Area as a process of land expropriation. Its members were holders of the mining concessions and aimed to conduct mining on their lands. Mining concessions, the Protected Area, and land titles were the state maps mediating these conflicts. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ecosystems, watersheds and water rights in Cajamarca, Peru(Routledge, 2024-01-01)In contested environments, the importance of water transcends its status as a mere resource to comprise the ecosystem and the watershed. Farmers and ronderos in Santa Cruz, Cajamarca, who face the brunt of deleterious environmental impacts from mining in their territories emphasize the relevance of ecosystems and watersheds for water provision. The interdependency of water and ecosystems is demonstrated through their local water rights. As water sources are threatened, the scope of local water rights is reconceptualized to guarantee water as both resource and nature. In analysing the transformation of water rights in the midst of socioenvironmental conflicts, the article shows how the residents of Santa Cruz take an unconventional approach assembling local understandings of water and global environmental discourses to protect the entirety of the environment where water flows.