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Item type:Publication, From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020-08-16)Abstract Background The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru’s capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. We aim to produce the first characterization of bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. Results We report a higher diversity in bacterial communities from the Upper and, especially, Middle Rimac compared to the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone). Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility, quorum sensing and xenobiotics metabolism. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence natural flavonoids and antibiotics in the Upper Rimac, and herbicides in the Lower Rimac. Conclusions The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus , an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, but that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Overlooked legacies: climate vulnerability and risk as incrementally constructed in the municipal drinking water system of Lima, Peru (1578–2017)(Elsevier, 2021-03-05)This article analyzes “not knowing” and overlooked or invisibilized information related to the drinking water system in Lima, Peru, a rapidly expanding megacity of the Global South in a region considered to be at high risk to climate related hazards. Within this system, unavailable, or disregarded information exists for a range of topics, from quantitative information about reservoir levels to more qualitative concerns about decision-making and administration. Currently, information made publicly available focuses on end users, specifically: census data on percent of homes connected to the municipal network and statistics comparing consumption patterns across neighborhoods. This deflects attention from topics related to water supply (expansion of urban hydraulic reach, infrastructure investment), and decision-making and control. However, this article considers a type of “not knowing” underlying all of the above, which is the forgotten or overlooked development of Lima's drinking water system over time. It presents results of a study of the history of this system from its origins in the 16th century through modernization in the early- and mid-20th century, concluding with infrastructure investment in the era of climate change. It focuses on continuities in the spatial orientation of water infrastructure as well as long-term conflicts over its administration, to demonstrate how the current system is the result of a centuries-long process of accretion, rather than a system designed to serve the current urban population. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the significance of this infrastructural and conceptual inertia for understandings of Lima's water risk and vulnerability. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, From the Andes to the desert: 16S rRNA metabarcoding characterization of aquatic bacterial communities in the Rimac River, the main source of water for Lima, Peru(Public Library of Science, 2021-04-01)The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru's capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. In this work, we aim to produce the first characterization of aquatic bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA metabarcoding approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. We report a lower diversity in bacterial communities from the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone) in comparison to other sub-basins. Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility and quorum sensing. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence of some insecticides and herbicides in the Parac-Upper Rimac and Santa Eulalia-Parac sub-basins. The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Interdependent response of three critical infrastructures in a South American megacity(Institute of Physics, 2022-06-01)Critical infrastructures (CIs) are key for the functionality of urban areas. Their failure due to natural disasters or manmade disruptive events could severely obstruct normal city activities, producing considerable social and economic impacts. Understanding CI performance and interdependence during these events is imperative. This study aims to comprehend the independent and interdependent response of three CIs in a South American megacity: Lima, Peru. Topological indicators were used to study three CIs: potable water distribution, electricity distribution and natural gas distribution; five disruption scenarios were modeled. Results show that, compared to the other CIs, the potable water system has the highest redundancy, while the electricity network has the best capacity to connect among all elements. The structure of the natural gas system makes it fragile and susceptible to failures, generating the lowest values across indicators. Regarding the interdependence analysis, certain elements (e.g., medium- and high-voltage substations, water treatment plant, pressure stations) with a high degree of connectivity influence the entire performance of the systems; the interdependent effect exposes some CIs to damage more than others. Earthquakes have a comparatively more negative impact on the CIs studied than manmade disruptive events. In order to reduce vulnerability factors in the three systems, an important mitigation action would be to reduce the centralization of the systems.