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    Trapped institutional change: the quest for regulating fishing activities in protected areas
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02-01)
    The Peruvian state has implemented innovative regulations and participatory processes to establish co-management systems in marine protected areas. Following global trends, state conservation agencies seek to establish agreements with local producers to regulate fishing activities and achieve sustainable economic growth. Yet despite efforts to regulate fishing and aquaculture activities within protected areas, unregulated production continues to increase, threatening sustainable efforts amid increasing market opportunities for fish products. Why are institutional regulatory innovations failing to achieve their objectives? This article argues that the implementation of co-management policies has led to the empowerment of local producers who combine formal and informal extractive activities that threaten coastal-marine ecosystems, configurating a socio-ecological trap. It shows how the implementation of institutional innovations for collaborative co-management has not taken into account locally legitimated, institutionalised practices that deviate from or contradict state regulations. Formalised fishers have resorted to combining formal and informal activities, fostering a process of institutional hybridisation to increase their production in response to market opportunities, while local state officials open up spaces for negotiating certain rules and sanctions in the reproduction of institutional hybridity. The research is based on a qualitative case study of the Paracas National Reserve (PNR), the oldest coastal marine protected area in Peru. It focuses on the analysis of two activities that the state is attempting to co-manage: giant kelp collection and scallop aquaculture. Based on interpretative approaches and qualitative research methods, the data collection techniques included archival review, interviews, and non-participant observation.
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    Main challenges for measuring the sustainability of the marine ingredients industry: a systematic and critical review
    (Elsevier BV, 2026-02-01)
    The marine ingredients (MIs) industry is essential to the aquaculture sector, mainly providing fishmeal and fish oil to support animal feed and human nutrition. The exponential growth of aquaculture and the heavy reliance on finite marine resources pose significant sustainability challenges and highlight the need for more comprehensive and regionally adapted metrics beyond current Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) indicators and non-conventional LCA metrics. In this systematic review, we analyzed 48 literature studies that focus on the sustainability of MIs using rigorous criteria for data quality and indicator relevance under the Prisma methodology. Our findings indicate that the studies that are mainly based on conducting an LCA provide valuable insights into environmental performance, but are hindered by inconsistent metrics, limited data availability, and a lack of integration of economic, nutritional, and ethical dimensions in the sustainability analysis. Such limitations can lead to underestimate critical issues such as biodiversity loss, overfishing, habitat degradation, or the impact of illegal fishing, while overemphasizing short-term efficiency measures, like feed conversion ratio, or environmental impacts such as global warming. Additionally, emerging novel proteins and alternative uses for fish-derived byproducts, ranging from direct human consumption to high-value applications (bioactive compounds, cosmetics, etc.) to lower value products (like biofertilizers), remain largely unexplored, given the absence of holistic and flexible assessment tools. Thus, the presence of unregulated contaminants (including additives, antibiotics and microplastics), are not yet adequately addressed in most MIs studies, despite some recent methodological advancements. This review proposes the adoption of novel metrics, the standardization of assessment methods and the integration of multi-criteria decision analysis for LCA practitioners to better capture the complex and multifaceted challenges of MIs production, covering the way for more robust and reliable sustainability assessments within the aquaculture industry.
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