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Item type:Publication, To be or not to be? Material incentives and indigenous identification in Latin America(Routledge, 2020-11-30)Latin American governments have recently implemented race conscious policies to provide resources to stigmatized groups like indigenous people. Nevertheless, critics have questioned the legitimacy of these policies and argued that they could artificially induce indigenous identification. Such claim, however, has never been tested. We use a causal inference approach based on nationally-representative survey experiments applied door-to-door in Mexico and Peru to examine whether material incentives can indeed encourage indigenous identification. Our results are counterintuitive. Reminding respondents of potential material benefits of indigenous identification does not increase such identification. It reduces it. We theorize this negative effect may be driven by the fact that receiving social benefits is stigmatized. Our findings call into question critics’ concerns that ethnic-based redistributive policies necessarily incentivize ethnic identification. These results not only provide compelling evidence of the social construction of ethnic identities, but they also seemingly challenge purely instrumentalist models of ethnic identification. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, “Climate change might have caused our small harvest”: indigenous vulnerability, livelihoods, and environmental changes in lowland and high jungle indigenous communities in Peru(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-09-15)The purpose of this article is to analyze how indigenous livelihoods are challenged by the global phenomenon of climate change while paying particular attention to how historically shaped, non-climatic factors influence how climate change is experienced in the Peruvian Amazon. In this sense, we will address indigenous people’s lived experiences of climate variations using a theoretical framework based on concepts of vulnerability. Methodologically, we draw on both a recent literature review and fieldwork conducted during 2015 and 2016 with two Kukama Kukamiria communities in Loreto (low jungle) and three Ashaninka communities in Junín (high jungle). After describing our theoretical framework and qualitative methods, we discuss the economic history of the addressed areas and show how non-climatic factors, such as colonialism, influence these communities’ experiences. This context allows us to better understand indigenous people’s experience of seasonal variations, precipitations and climatic events, its effect on their livelihoods, and their adaptive strategies in response to challenges imposed by climate unpredictability and broader transformations in their territories. Our conclusions are twofold: (a) addressing climate change must incorporate multiple temporal and spatial scales and (b) non-climatic factors are integral to understanding the role of climate change vulnerability of indigenous population. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, La economía política de la ambigüedad del reconocimiento: derechos colectivos de los pueblos indígenas bajo el neoliberalismo à la peruana (1990-2000)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022-12-15)The simultaneous appearance in 1989 of the term “Washington Consensus” and the adoption of ILO Convention 169 are not a historical curiosity, but rather a milestone in the ambiguity of the recognition of collective rights of indigenous people. Now, while the political economy of Peruvian development has been described as “heavily centralised and ethnically define exclusionary” (Orihuela, 2020, p. 146), can it be said that it only obeys the weight of history? What characterized the political economy of recognition during a markedly neoliberal period? The aim of this essay is to outline a proposal for analysis of the type of political economy that governed the recognition of indigenous people’s rights in Peru during the Fujimori decade (1990-2000). Although the historical determinants of the condition of exclusion of these people, the characteristics of the Peruvian neoliberal period and the underlying political economy have been studied, research focused on the relationship between these aspects at the end of the 20th century is scarce. The first section addresses the historical relationship between the people in question and the State; the second defines the concept of neoliberalism and its relationship with collective rights; the third section develops the analysis proposal. Finally, it is argued that the “recognition” of the right to land and territory under the Fujimori regime implied a lack of knowledge, constraint and violation of this and other collective rights of indigenous people. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, La Beca 18 Comunidades Nativas Amazónicas (CNA): políticas afirmativas para estudiantes indígenas en universidades peruanas(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2024-08-15)Este artículo examina el surgimiento y evolución de la Beca 18 modalidad Comunidades Nativas Amazónicas (CNA) en Perú entre el 2014 al 2021, enfocando en la perspectiva de la federación indígena nacional Aidesep y los funcionarios públicos del Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo (Pronabec). La metodología de investigación combina el análisis de documentos institucionales y entrevistas en profundidad con miembros de ambas instituciones. Destacamos la iniciativa de Aidesep de convocar al diálogo a Pronabec en 2013, el trabajo colaborativo entre Aidesep y Pronabec en los primeros años de la beca, así como la falta de estadísticas disponibles al público, especialmente sobre permanencia y egreso de los becarios indígenas en las universidades. La “pérdida de la beca” es identificada por ambas instituciones como la principal limitante, pero cada cual tiene diferentes percepciones del tipo de acompañamiento requerido por los becarios para lograr culminar sus estudios. La noción amazónica de “acostumbrarse” surge, entonces, como un elemento clave de la propuesta indígena de acompañamiento. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Célébrations et récits critiques au Pérou: Les tensions dans la commémoration du bicentenaire de l’indépendance (2016-2023)(Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amerique Latine (IHEAL), 2023-01-01)This article aims to analyze the commemoration of the bicentenary of Peru’s independence through the tension between different narratives of the nation. On the one hand, the narrative of the celebrated Peru, which tells the story of an entrepreneurial, successful, inclusive and global Peru; and on the other hand, the critical narratives, with accounts of the persistence of class and ethnic tensions, coupled with the lack of political representation. The context of the political, social and health crises of recent years has strengthened the critical narratives and eroded the celebratory narrative. These narratives have expressed different discourses, ranging from neoliberal multiculturalism to the rejection of the creóle nation. To address this issue, secondary and mixed sources will be reviewed: official documents of the Special Bicentennial Project, photos of demonstrations, political cartoons, and testimonies related to the narratives that emerged between 2016 and 2023.