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Item type:Publication, Toxic mobilization: mining, pollution and power in the highlands of Peru(Taylor & Francis, 2022-09-19)This paper analyzes how the toxic consequences of extractive industries like mining have reconfigured both local topographies and introduced new structures and meanings regarding environmental justice and mobilization for communities living in polluted areas. Based on a longitudinal ethnographic study of the case of Espinar in Peru, the paper explains how the company and the government’s management of uncertainty regarding land and water pollution have transformed the meaning of mobilization for communities and their capacities for cleaning or at least improving their environment. I argue that local and global connections and transnational support still open opportunities for meaningful local mobilization despite uncertainty and ambiguity in managing environmental pollution, which weakens social cohesion and fragments the positions of inhabitants concerning collective and political action. However, communities can unwillingly embrace toxic conflicts: low intense, fragmented, but persistent forms of mobilization to bargain for some form of partial compensation from the company and the state. This form of conflict reinforces the internal fragmentation of the overall community and runs against environmental justice aspirations. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, One industry, different conflicts: a typology of mining mobilization(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-03-01)Mining conflicts are comprised of diverse socio-territorial mobilizations that originate in different parts of countries where mineral deposits are exploited, and became politicized to target international companies and national state policies. To analyze the diversity of mining conflicts, this paper develops a multidimensional matrix typology based on the intersection of two core dimensions: the framing of claims and the degree of disruption of repertoires of contention. The result is four types of conflicts: resistance, negotiation, subordination, and dependency. The paper finds empirical evidence for the conceptual typology through the analysis of a database of 49 case studies of mining conflicts in Latin America, providing rich, contextual, and historical information that allows not only for more accurate classifications of conflicts, but also for better understanding of how different combinations of claims and repertoires can advocate for different policy outcomes and relations with the state and mining companies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Natural gas revenues, subnational politics, and agrarian change in Peru and Bolivia(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-09-01)The literature about natural resources and development has largely described states’ failure to translate large resource endowments into sustainable development. Consequently, terms like resource curse or Dutch disease have become widely accepted. However, the literature examining this process at the subnational level has been less conclusive regarding the local effects, such as economic diversification. It is therefore pertinent to examine the contextual conditions underpinning both the expenditure of resource rents at the subnational level and the effects of such expenditures on economic diversification, particularly on the agrarian sector. To do so, this contribution deploys a comparative analysis between the Tarija department in Bolivia and La Convencion province in Peru. Both are hydrocarbon-rich areas in which subnational governments received massive amounts of resource rents. A deep examination based on qualitative and quantitative data permits the affirmation that whereas similar place-specific conditions boosted a massive investment of resource rents into public infrastructure, the composition of the agrarian sector defined a different trajectory in each case. While the strong peasant organization of Tarija obtained a direct transfer of resource rents, the transfer of those rents to the peasants in La Convencion was only through wages conditioned to work in the construction sector. As such, resource rents undermined the agrarian sector in La Convencion, while in Tarija the sector remained stable and potentially stronger in the long run. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Opposition Tactics on the Implementation of Advocacy-Driven Institutional Reforms: A Study of Mining Environmental Assesment in Peru(Elsevier BV, 2023-12-12)Between 2008 and 2015, Peru underwent significant institutional reforms to enhance state autonomy in regulating the environmental impact of mining. Advocacy Coalition Networks (ACNs), comprising grassroots organizations, NGOs, academics, and state actors, played a crucial role in advocating for these reforms and shifting public opinion both nationally and internationally. However, the implementation of the reforms fell short of meeting the initial objectives and demands of the ACNs and local communities. During the formulation and implementation phase, the powerful opposition from mining stakeholders employed tactics such as revolving doors, minimal changes, delays, and passing the buck, undermining the intended outcomes. This study highlights the challenges faced by ACNs in influencing environmental reforms during the transition from approval to formulation and implementation stages. It emphasizes the role of the political economy and the importance of forming alliances with influential institutional actors to counterbalance opposition. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Penal extractivism: A qualitative study on punishment and extractive industries in Peru(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2025-01-01)This article introduces the concept of penal extractivism in the punishment and society literature. We define penal extractivism as the punitive strategies that a state implements to safeguard extractive industries from citizens’ contention. This concept addresses the limitations of categories like criminalization, protest policing, social control, and labour discipline while bridging the gap between punishment studies and research on extractive industries. Additionally, we draw upon evidence of the Espinar mining conflict in Peru to explain five punitive strategies the state uses to handle protests: (1) off-duty policing and critical assets legislation, (2) state of emergency declarations, (3) police or prosecutorial notes against environmental defenders, (4) criminal indictments, and (5) the transferring of criminal cases to distant jurisdictions. Based on our findings, we argue that penal extractivism is a dynamic and ambivalent project that targets marginalized rural populations. The state partially deters mobilizations but fails to address the underlying social unrest, reinforcing the conditions that perpetuate mining conflicts. This in-depth within-case analysis examines the relationship between punishment and extractivism in the global context of contemporary social mobilizations.1