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    Playing the City. Childhood, Play and Space in Team 10’s Manifesto
    (Universidad de Sevilla, 2023-11-01)
    The article examines the capacity of play to produce collective space, with the aim of highlighting its relevance and potential in the field of architecture. The interpretative reading of images and diagrams produced in the framework of the last three editions of CIAM (1953, 1956 and 1959) by Team 10 members, Aldo van Eyck and Alison and Peter Smithson, serves as a premise for placing the aforementioned objective in a disciplinary context. Through a historical-comparative research methodology that links the main objects of study with references and experiences from various disciplinary fields (with particular emphasis on the field of education), we proceed with the analysis of the images, identifying and proposing four conceptual axes that can be transferred to the contemporary work of architects: the celebration of the everyday, the use of the participatory language of urban photography, the understanding of the street as a stage for life, and the value of play in the production of collective space. Under the aforementioned premises, the text opens the possibility and the debate towards the integration of play as an index of valuation and projection of built space, highlighting, 70 years after CIAM (1953), the validity of the ideas of Team 10 and the disciplinary relevance of the multiple ways of doing architecture that the avant-garde group proposes through its individual and collective operations.
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    Everyday norms have become more permissive over time and vary across cultures
    (2025-10-07)
    Every social situation that people encounter in their daily lives comes with a set of unwritten rules about what behavior is considered appropriate or inappropriate. These everyday norms can vary across societies: some societies may have more permissive norms in general or for certain behaviors, or for certain behaviors in specific situations. In a preregistered survey of 25,422 participants across 90 societies, we map societal differences in 150 everyday norms and show that they can be explained by how societies prioritize individualizing moral foundations such as care and liberty versus binding moral foundations such as purity. Specifically, societies with more individualistic morality tend to have more permissive norms in general (greater liberty) and especially for behaviors deemed vulgar (less purity), but they exhibit less permissive norms for behaviors perceived to have negative consequences in specific situations (greater care). By comparing our data with available data collected twenty years ago, we find a global pattern of change toward more permissive norms overall but less permissive norms for the most vulgar and inconsiderate behaviors. This study explains how social norms vary across behaviors, situations, societies, and time.
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