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Item type:Publication, Removal of heavy metals using a wetland batch system with Carrizo (Phragmites Australis)(Research Square, 2020-11-09)Abstract One of the greatest environmental issues related to the development of the mining activity is the generation of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). This effluent generated by active and abandoned mines in Peru produces multiple discussions about the role of the industry for a sustainable development. Many methods have been developed for AMD treatment, being wetlands a good option for heavy metal removal. In this sense, removal of heavy metal by using laboratory constructed wetlands with Phragmites Australis was studied. During a 9-day period the variation of different physicochemical parameters and heavy metals concentrations was recorded. The pH decreased to a constant value of 8.24 after the sixth day. The electrical conductivity presented a slight variation from 1 to 1.33 µS cm-1 on the ninth day. Moreover, fluctuating values of Dissolved Oxygen and Turbidity were observed. A reduction between 69% and 93% of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was registered. Cu concentration was reduced in 68% and 87%; Zn concentrations dropped in 53% and 95%; and Pb was reduced in 20% and 55%. It was concluded that Phragmites Australis can be an alternative in the treatment of the contaminants produced by AMD. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Air quality biomonitoring of trace elements in the metropolitan area of Huancayo, Peru using transplanted Tillandsia capillaris as a biomonitor(Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 2020-01-01)The air quality and distribution of trace elements in a metropolitan area of the Peruvian Andes were evaluated using transplanted epiphytic Tillandsia capillaris as biomonitors. Biomonitors were collected from the non-contaminated area and exposed to five sites with different types of contamination for three months in 2017. After exposure, the content of twenty-one elements were determined by ICP-MS analysis. Datasets were evaluated by one-way ANOVA, exposed-to-baseline (EB), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed significant differences among sampling sites for several elements. According to EF ratios for Ba, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn EB ratios value greater than 1.75 were found around urban areas, indicating anthropogenic influence, which can be attributed to vehicular sources. The highest values of As and Cd were found in areas of agricultural practices, therefore their presence could be related to the employment of agrochemicals (pesticides, herbicides, and phosphate fertilizers). HCA shows that most elements come from vehicular sources and lower from agricultural and natural sources. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, The Global Ecosystems Monitoring network: monitoring ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling across the tropics(Elsevier, 2021-01-01)A rich understanding of the productivity, carbon and nutrient cycling of terrestrial ecosystems is essential in the context of understanding, modelling and managing the future response of the biosphere to global change. This need is particularly acute in tropical ecosystems, home to over 60% of global terrestrial productivity, over half of planetary biodiversity, and hotspots of anthropogenic pressure. In recent years there has been a surge of activity in collecting data on the carbon cycle, productivity, and plant functional traits of tropical ecosystems, most intensively through the Global Ecosystems Monitoring network (GEM). The GEM approach provides valuable insights by linking field-based ecosystem ecology with the needs of Earth system science. In this paper, we review and synthesize the context, history and recent scientific output from the GEM network. Key insights have emerged on the spatial and temporal variability of ecosystem productivity and on the role of temperature and drought stress on ecosystem function and resilience. New work across the network is now linking carbon cycling to nutrient cycling and plant functional traits, and subsequently to airborne remote sensing. We discuss some of the novel emerging patterns and practical and methodological challenges of this approach, and examine current and possible future directions, both within this network and as lessons for a more general terrestrial ecosystem observation scheme. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The effect of natural infrastructure on water erosion mitigation in the Andes(2021-07-28)Soil erosion by water is affecting natural and anthropogenic environments through its impacts on water quality and availability, loss of soil nutrients, flood risk, sedimentation in rivers and streams, and damage to civil infrastructure. Sustainable management aims to avoid, reduce and reverse soil erosion and can provide multiple benefits for the environment, population, and livelihoods. We conducted a systematic review of 121 case studies from the Andes to answer the following questions: (1) Which erosion indicators allow us to assess the effectiveness of natural infrastructure? (2) What is the overall impact of working with natural infrastructure on on-site and off-site erosion mitigation? and (3) Which locations and types of studies are needed to fill critical gaps in knowledge and research? Three major categories of natural infrastructure were considered: protective vegetation, soil and water conservation measures, and adaptation measures that regulate the flow and transport of water. From the suite of physical, chemical and biological indicators commonly used in soil erosion research, two indicators were particularly relevant: soil organic carbon (SOC) of topsoil, and soil loss rates at the plot scale. In areas with protective vegetation and/or soil and water conservation measures, the SOC of topsoil is –on average– 1.3 to 2.8 times higher than in areas under traditional agriculture. Soil loss rates in areas with natural infrastructure were reported to be 38 % to 54 % lower than rates measured in untreated croplands. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the reported effectiveness holds during extreme events related to, for example, El Niño–Southern Oscillation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Patterns and drivers of evapotranspiration in South American wetlands(Universidad Científica del Sur, 2021-04-14) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, How to analyze air quality during the COVID-19 pandemic? An answer using Grey systems(Science and Information Organization, 2021-01-01)The Peruvian government declared a State of National Emergency due to the spread of COVID-19 where the closure of businesses, companies and home isolation was imposed from 03/15/2020 to 06/30/2020. In this context, the research focused on analyzing the characteristics of the air quality in Lima during said period compared to its similar in 2018 and 2019, for this purpose, data from two air quality monitoring stations in PM2.5, PM10, CO and NO2 concentrations and the quality levels given by the Air Quality Index (INCA) were used for further processing with the Grey Clustering method, which is based on grey systems. The results showed that during the quarantine, air quality improved significantly, specifically the northern area of Lima, which was favored by the meteorological conditions that will be classified as good quality as well as the reduction of PM10 by 46% and PM2.5 in 45% to a lesser extent, NO2 by 17% and CO in 11%, unlike the southern zone which, although it showed an improvement, it is still classified as moderate quality with reductions in PM10 by 26%, PM2.5 by 27%, CO by 19%,; however the concentration NO2 registered a non-significant increase of 2%. This behaviour is explained by the lower height of the thermal inversion layer, therefore less space for the dispersion of pollutants. Finally, the study obtains essential information for regulatory agencies as it allows understanding the relationship between air quality and control measures at emission sources for the development of public policies on public health and the environment.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Chapter 23: impacts of deforestation and climate change on biodiversity, ecological processes, and environmental adaptation(2021-11-12)This chapter presents observed and predicted impacts of climate change on Amazonian ecosystems, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services, carbon cycling, fisheries, and emissions from biomass burning. It also considers climate and land-use change feedbacks and highlights knowledge gaps to better understand these complex interactions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Interhemispheric coupling study by observations and modelling (ICSOM)(Wiley, 2022-12-02)An international joint research project, entitled Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM), is ongoing. In the late 2000s, an interesting form of interhemispheric coupling (IHC) was discovered: when warming occurs in the winter polar stratosphere, the upper mesosphere in the summer hemisphere also becomes warmer with a time lag of days. This IHC phenomenon is considered to be a coupling through processes in the middle atmosphere (i.e., stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere). Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed so far, but they are still controversial. This is mainly because of the difficulty in observing and simulating gravity waves (GWs) at small scales, despite the important role they are known to play in middle atmosphere dynamics. In this project, by networking sparsely but globally distributed radars, mesospheric GWs have been simultaneously observed in seven boreal winters since 2015/16. We have succeeded in capturing five stratospheric sudden warming events and two polar vortex intensification events. This project also includes the development of a new data assimilation system to generate long-term reanalysis data for the whole middle atmosphere, and simulations by a state-of-art GW-permitting general circulation model using reanalysis data as initial values. By analyzing data from these observations, data assimilation, and model simulation, comprehensive studies to investigate the mechanism of IHC are planned. This paper provides an overview of ICSOM, but even initial results suggest that not only gravity waves but also large-scale waves are important for the mechanism of the IHC.
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