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    Environmental and carbon footprint of tourist accommodation: a comparative study of popular hotel categories in Brazil and Peru
    (Elsevier, 2021-12-15)
    The environmental externalities of tourist accommodation are substantial, but their scientific appraisals have been far from holistic. Existing environmental impact assessment studies focus on hotel operations and exclude indirect material inputs and outputs due to data (un)availability. Important environmental ‘hotspots’ can be ignored in the result as these are often concealed in the diversity and complexity of a hotel's products and services. This study employs the method of environmental life cycle impact assessment to appraise the environmental externalities occurring through the life cycle of four popular comfort categories of hotels (hostel, budget, upmarket and luxury) in two countries of South America (Brazil and Peru). The appraisal is facilitated by the ecoinvent database (version 3.6, Allocation cut-off by classification) and the SimaPro software (version 9.1.1). The intra-sectoral and cross-country analysis reveals correlation of the environmental and carbon footprint with hotel comfort categories. The study finds that (1) treatment of solid waste generated in hotel operations; (2) construction of the hotel building; and (3) operational energy use; generate the largest footprints across all major impact categories. The contribution of (4) consumer goods, such as furniture, electric and electronic equipment, bathroom/sanitary fixtures and carpets, is also significant. The study advocates that these operational and non-operational material inputs and outputs should be accounted for in future environmental and carbon impact assessments of hotels. The study provides the first benchmarks of major embodied, indirect environmental and carbon impacts of hotels that can be used, with appropriate adjustments, in future research.
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    Proxies ambientales y sesgos metodológicos en la Curva de Kuznets Ambiental. Críticas al uso de la temperatura en el modelo propuesto por Erazo-Camacho et al. (2024)
    (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2025-04-23)
    The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is widely used to examine the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, its empirical application critically depends on the selection of appropriate indicators. This article presents a methodological critique of the article «Peru's Environmental Kuznets Curve 2010-2020: A Departmental View» written by Erazo-Camacho et al. (2024), which employs average temperature as a proxy for environmental degradation in an econometric model applied to Peru. It is argued that this choice introduces methodological biases that undermine the validity of its conclusions, particularly the claim that an increase in per capita GDP reduces regional temperatures. This conclusion contradicts established scientific literature (IPCC, 2023), which links fossil fuel-based economic growth and extractive expansion to increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Through a literature review, data analysis, and conceptual discussion, the article proposes that more suitable indicators for the EKC in extractive economies include sectoral CO₂ emissions, deforestation, and water pollution. The study concludes that the use of inadequate proxies not only distorts empirical analysis but also risks leading to flawed environmental policy decisions, misrepresenting the true effects of economic growth on the environment.
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