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Item type:Publication, Physiological responses of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) plants to UV radiation in its high-altitude mountain ecosystem(Nature Research, 2020-12-01)Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a small fraction of the solar spectrum, which acts as a key environmental modulator of plant function affecting metabolic regulation and growth. Plant species endemic to the Andes are well adapted to the harsh features of high-altitude climate, including high UV radiation. Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) is a member of Brassicaceae family native to the central Andes of Peru, which grows between 3500 and 4500 m of altitude, where only highland grasses and few hardy bushes can survive. Even though maca has been the focus of recent researches, mainly due to its nutraceutical properties, knowledge regarding its adaptation mechanisms to these particular natural environmental conditions is scarce. In this study, we manipulated solar UV radiation by using UV-transmitting (Control) or blocking (UV-block) filters under field conditions (4138 m above the sea level) in order to understand the impact of UV on morphological and physiological parameters of maca crops over a complete growing season. Compared to the UV-blocking filter, under control condition a significant increase of hypocotyl weight was observed during the vegetative phase together with a marked leaf turnover. Although parameters conferring photosynthetic performance were not altered by UV, carbohydrate allocation between above and underground organs was affected. Control condition did not influence the content of secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in hypocotyls, while some differences were observed in the rosettes. These differences were mainly related to leaf turnover and the protection of new young leaves in control plants. Altogether, the data suggest that maca plants respond to strong UV radiation at high altitudes by a coordinated remobilization and relocation of metabolites between source and sink organs via a possible UV signaling pathway. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, The Global Ecosystems Monitoring network: monitoring ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling across the tropics(Elsevier, 2021-01-01)A rich understanding of the productivity, carbon and nutrient cycling of terrestrial ecosystems is essential in the context of understanding, modelling and managing the future response of the biosphere to global change. This need is particularly acute in tropical ecosystems, home to over 60% of global terrestrial productivity, over half of planetary biodiversity, and hotspots of anthropogenic pressure. In recent years there has been a surge of activity in collecting data on the carbon cycle, productivity, and plant functional traits of tropical ecosystems, most intensively through the Global Ecosystems Monitoring network (GEM). The GEM approach provides valuable insights by linking field-based ecosystem ecology with the needs of Earth system science. In this paper, we review and synthesize the context, history and recent scientific output from the GEM network. Key insights have emerged on the spatial and temporal variability of ecosystem productivity and on the role of temperature and drought stress on ecosystem function and resilience. New work across the network is now linking carbon cycling to nutrient cycling and plant functional traits, and subsequently to airborne remote sensing. We discuss some of the novel emerging patterns and practical and methodological challenges of this approach, and examine current and possible future directions, both within this network and as lessons for a more general terrestrial ecosystem observation scheme. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Functional rarity and evenness are key facets of biodiversity to boost multifunctionality(National Academy of Sciences, 2021-02-16)The functional traits of organisms within multispecies assemblages regulate biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning. Yet how traits should assemble to boost multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously (multifunctionality) remains poorly explored. In a multibiome litter experiment covering most of the global variation in leaf trait spectra, we showed that three dimensions of functional diversity (dispersion, rarity, and evenness) explained up to 66% of variations in multifunctionality, although the dominant species and their traits remained an important predictor. While high dispersion impeded multifunctionality, increasing the evenness among functionally dissimilar species was a key dimension to promote higher multifunctionality and to reduce the abundance of plant pathogens. Because too-dissimilar species could have negative effects on ecosystems, our results highlight the need for not only diverse but also functionally even assemblages to promote multifunctionality. The effect of functionally rare species strongly shifted from positive to negative depending on their trait differences with the dominant species. Simultaneously managing the dispersion, evenness, and rarity in multispecies assemblages could be used to design assemblages aimed at maximizing multifunctionality independently of the biome, the identity of dominant species, or the range of trait values considered. Functional evenness and rarity offer promise to improve the management of terrestrial ecosystems and to limit plant disease risks. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Chapter 23: impacts of deforestation and climate change on biodiversity, ecological processes, and environmental adaptation(2021-11-12)This chapter presents observed and predicted impacts of climate change on Amazonian ecosystems, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services, carbon cycling, fisheries, and emissions from biomass burning. It also considers climate and land-use change feedbacks and highlights knowledge gaps to better understand these complex interactions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Soil Liquefaction Hazards and Ecological Impacts in Coastal Wetlands of the Pisco River, Peru(2025-12-30)Abstract. Coastal wetlands located in seismic regions can be highly vulnerable to soil liquefaction, a phenomenon where saturated, loosely compacted soils temporarily lose strength during earthquakes. This study investigates the relationship between soil liquefaction and the dynamics of coastal wetlands along the left bank of the Pisco River in Peru, a region affected by the 2007 Pisco earthquake. Through geotechnical field tests, satellite image analysis, and local interviews, we identified that wetlands and their adjacent areas – often with shallow groundwater and sandy soils – present high susceptibility to liquefaction. Affected wetlands showed both negative impacts, such as ground subsidence and vegetation loss, and in some cases, post-seismic ecological recovery due to groundwater rise. The results confirm that even degraded or filled wetlands retain subsurface characteristics prone to liquefaction, extending risk zones up to approximately 200 meters beyond current water boundaries. These findings highlight the dual role of wetlands as both vulnerable ecosystems and natural indicators of geotechnical risk. Future research should focus on integrating wetland conservation into seismic risk management and land-use planning. Recognizing the geotechnical memory of these ecosystems is key to avoiding infrastructure damage and promoting more resilient coastal development in earthquake-prone areas.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Forest Age Rivals Climate to Explain Reproductive Allocation Patterns in Forest Ecosystems Globally(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)Forest allocation of net primary productivity (NPP) to reproduction (carbon required for flowers, fruits, and seeds) is poorly quantified globally, despite its critical role in forest regeneration and a well‐supported trade‐off with allocation to growth. Here, we present the first global synthesis of a biometric proxy for forest reproductive allocation (RA) across environmental and stand age gradients from a compiled dataset of 824 observations across 393 sites. We find that ecosystem‐scale RA increases ~60% from boreal to tropical forests. Climate shows important non‐linear relationships with RA, but is not the sole predictor. Forest age effects are comparable to climate in magnitude (MAT: ß = 0.24, p = 0.021; old growth forest: ß = 0.22, p < 0.001), while metrics of soil fertility show small but significant relationships with RA (soil pH: ß = 0.07, p = 0.001; soil N: ß = −0.07, p = 0.001). These results provide strong evidence that ecosystem-scale RA is mediated by climate, forest age, and soil conditions, and is not a globally fixed fraction of positive NPP as assumed by most vegetation and ecosystem models. Our dataset and findings can be used by modellers to improve predictions of forest regeneration and carbon cycling.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Wood density variation across an Andes-to-Amazon elevational gradient(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)Understanding how functional traits are related to species diversity and ecosystem properties is a central goal of ecology. Wood density is a trait that integrates many aspects of plant form and function and is highly variable among species. Previous studies of wood density across elevational gradients have been based on limited sampling and have reported declines with increasing elevation, though even this simple pattern remains unknown, much less its underlying functional and evolutionary relationships. Here, we use one of the longest and most speciose elevational gradients in the world, extending from the Andean tree line to the Amazon basin, to test the extent to which elevation, species composition, phylogenetic affinity and forest structure determine variation in wood density. Using field‐collected wood samples and global databases, we assigned wood density to 1231 species and 31,330 stems across 41 (47.5 ha) mature forest plots arrayed across a 3500‐m vertical gradient. Our results show that mean wood density, either weighted by abundance, basal area or species, was highly variable but tended to decline from low to middle elevations and increase again from mid‐elevations to the tree line. As a result of this non‐linearity, forests at the Andean tree line had higher wood density than their lowland Amazon counterparts. We observed an abrupt transition in wood density at the lower limit of persistent cloud formation (cloud base), where the lowest wood density values were found. The decline of wood density is attributed to a significant shift in life forms, with an abundance of tree ferns at middle elevations and a higher probability of landslides and disturbances favouring a suite of traits associated with low wood density, such as softer wood and higher elasticity. Species turnover explained most of the among‐species variation across the gradient, with elevation having no consistent effect on within‐species variation in wood density. Together, both gradual compositional changes and sharp local changes in the importance of non‐dicot life forms, such as arborescent ferns and palms, define patterns of forest‐level carbon density, with wood density per se controlling ecosystem properties, such as carbon flux, across the Andes‐to‐Amazon elevational gradient.1