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Determinants of the sustainable internationalization and risk-taking factors in public commercial banks
(Wiley, 2021-02-01)
Banking activities have crossed the border and spread worldwide. Internationalization is known as the need of the day for sustainability in height competitive banking sector trends. Is there any effect of internationalization on profitability to sustain in a competitive market or just increases risk factors? Here, the study investigates the need and effect of internationalization on bank risk in developing country like Pakistan by using seven public commercial banks' quarterly data that are being taken for the duration from 2007 to 2016. The study constructs hypotheses to justify the significance or insignificance relation of risk with internationalization variables and some other bank‐specific variables that independently affect the risk‐taking of internationalized banks. The main variables are Z‐score for risk measurement and to evaluate the degree of internationalization. The study used foreign loan ratio and foreign income ratios. To support our work, the study also constructed some control variables like size, income diversification, and listed. We find that internationalization is associated with higher income earning in significant and positive relation with risk.
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Closing the gap in the municipal solid waste management between metropolitan and regional cities from developing countries: a life cycle assessment approach
(Elsevier, 2021-04-01)
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important challenge in developing and emerging countries, where two realities co-exist. On the one hand, their metropolitan cities exhibit an integrated MSW system with a specialized fleet for the collection and landfills for the final disposal, concentrating on environmental initiatives such as municipal recycling programs. On the other hand, their regional cities show an MSW system based on adapted transports for collection and open dumps for final disposal. Besides, they face other environmental problems due to local conditions. This research proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to close the gap between these two realities. In particular, we study the city of Valdivia (Chile), one of the main regional capitals of South America, which shares similarities with other southern regional cities in the Global South. This city disposes 95% of its MSW in open dumps and presents one of the highest environmental pollution rates in Latin America. We analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy performance of six scenarios, seeking a solution for these problems. The results obtained show that a waste-to-energy scenario would generate savings of GHG emission and particulate matter, reaching 11.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Using our LCA approach, we can provide environmental evidence to highlight the importance of improving MSW management in regional cities, closing the gap with MSW management in metropolitan cities, and contributing to national targets such as United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Nationally-Determined Contributions.
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Transitioning to sustainable mobility in Lima, Peru. Are e-scooter sharing initiatives part of the problem or the solution?
(Elsevier BV, 2022-12-22)
Micro-mobility has increased in urban environments to reduce dependence on private vehicles. While electric micro-mobility alternatives are supposed to reduce environmental impacts, certain studies suggest that this can depend on the transport mode they substitute. In parallel, despite growing efforts, urban areas in developing and emerging economies struggle to implement sustainable mobility programs at a city-wide level. In March 2019 the first dockless e-scooter rental service appeared in the city of Lima, Peru. Although the social and environmental impacts of dockless e-scooters have been the center of multiple studies, these are mostly based in North America and Europe. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to address the environmental profile of e-scooter use in districts of central Lima. All stages of the life-cycle of e-scooters were modelled considering local conditions, from manufacture to end-of-life. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to account for the variability in environmental impact based on five parameters: lifespan, battery range, remaining battery charge, collection distance and collection vehicle. Results show that over two thirds of impacts are linked to manufacturing thanks to the low-carbon profile of electricity production in Peru, which lowers the burdens in the use phase, making e-scooter use competitive in the local market as compared to electric bikes or motorcycles. However, replacement trends show that net environmental gains are not always obtained. Poor maintenance and derived lifespan or battery range are important sources of variability for the impact categories assessed. Although e-scooters show potential for their implementation in developing cities with similar characteristics to Lima, we recommend that site-specific studies should be conducted to foster adaptive management strategies which take into account the means of transport being substituted by e-scooters.
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The Tax Elasticity of Formal Work in Sub-Saharan African Countries
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-12-13)
When seeking to increase their tax revenues, policy makers face a likely tradeoff between decreasing personal income tax rates (making formalizing more attractive and potentially contributing to revenue) and alternatively raising tax rates (potentially slowing down the formalization of the economy if people prefer informal employment).Evidence on formal versus informal earnings and job characteristics in different sectors is limited in African countries, and in particular very little is known about the impact of tax changes on the extent of informality.This paper therefore estimates the personal income tax responsiveness of the extensive margin of formality, i.e. the propensity to be a formal as opposed to an informal worker, for Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, using repeated cross-sections of household data and applying grouping estimator techniques.Perhaps because of labour demand constraints and other frictions, the paper finds non-significant relations between the formal employment share and the formal-informal earnings differences.
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Tackling BEPS in the Global South: Evidence from Peru's Tax Reform
(Elsevier B.V., 2023-09-01)
This study assesses the effect of a transfer pricing reform on tax payments at the firm level. Given the critical role that the consulting firms play in tax avoidance schemes, we include the effect of expenditure on tax advisory. Exploiting the reform's particular features, we use a regression discontinuity design to estimate the causal effect of the tax reform. We find that firms affected by the intervention on average paid more taxes in 2017. Although we do not find effects for 2018, we find no conclusive evidence that spending on tax advisory drove such an effect.
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Participation in Public Programmes for Innovation Support in Manufacturing Industry in Peru
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-02-28)
This paper analyses the participation of Peruvian companies in public programmes for innovation support promoted by the Peruvian government from 2012 to 2014. Specifically, it examines the characteristics of firms that are informed about these programmes and, more importantly, the motives leading them to apply for this support. Using data from the 2015 National Survey of Peruvian Innovation in manufacturing firms, we find that knowledge about programmes is positively influenced by variables related to the percentage of qualified employees, R&D intensity, and their links with other agents. Firms with higher R&D intensity, are also more likely to apply for public support, together with firms perceiving the lack of external funds as an important innovation obstacle, while variables such as the perception of high cost of innovation and the utilized installed capacity, reduce the likelihood of application. These findings partially coincide with the previous empirical literature. Finally, the association between R&D intensity and public support is examined. Results show that total public support is associated with higher R&D intensity of supported firms, while in the case of only-funded programmes, non significant effects were found.
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Data limitations in developing countries make river restoration planning challenging. Study case of the Cesar River, Colombia
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-01-01)
Past research has mapped the limitations of water quality data in developing countries. This contribution reports a detailed assessment of the status of water quality data of the Cesar River, one of the main tributaries of the Magdalena River, which is regarded as the largest river system in Colombia. Our assessment indicates that the data is limited (in terms of length of record and resolution spatial) and exhibits significant information gaps, and that it is collected through a network of very sparse ground stations with deficient density. Subnational permissible limits for the five main water quality parameters (i.e., pH, TP, TN, DO, TSS) determine that water has reached worrisome levels of pollution. The data limitations does not allow for establishing the influence of natural (e.g., soil erosion) or anthropogenic processes such as wastewater discharges and in-channel sand mining into water quality. Since Colombia is a member of the Pacific Alliance and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) the associated supranational water quality regulatory frameworks are analyzed as they may guide the permissible limits and targets in the coming years. A freely accessible database of water quality observations between the years 2004–2020 of the Cesar River accompanies this contribution. We believe that it potentially constitutes a scientific input to plan for restoring the ecosystem services of the Cesar. We also believe this study depicts a representative case of the status of several rivers from the Latin American sphere and other developing countries.
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