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Neutrino interaction classification with a convolutional neural network in the DUNE far detector
(American Physical Society, 2020-11-09)
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment is a next-generation neutrino oscillation experiment that aims to measure $CP$-violation in the neutrino sector as part of a wider physics program. A deep learning approach based on a convolutional neural network has been developed to provide highly efficient and pure selections of electron neutrino and muon neutrino charged-current interactions. The electron neutrino (antineutrino) selection efficiency peaks at 90% (94%) and exceeds 85% (90%) for reconstructed neutrino energies between 2--5 GeV. The muon neutrino (antineutrino) event selection is found to have a maximum efficiency of 96% (97%) and exceeds 90% (95%) efficiency for reconstructed neutrino energies above 2 GeV. When considering all electron neutrino and antineutrino interactions as signal, a selection purity of 90% is achieved. These event selections are critical to maximize the sensitivity of the experiment to $CP$-violating effects.
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First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform
(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2020-12-01)
The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber with an active volume of 7.2 × 6.1 × 7.0 m 3 . It is installed at the CERN Neutrino Platform in a specially-constructed beam that delivers charged pions, kaons, protons, muons and electrons with momenta in the range 0.3 GeV/ c to 7 GeV/ c . Beam line instrumentation provides accurate momentum measurements and particle identification. The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, and it incorporates full-size components as designed for that module. This paper describes the beam line, the time projection chamber, the photon detectors, the cosmic-ray tagger, the signal processing and particle reconstruction. It presents the first results on ProtoDUNE-SP's performance, including noise and gain measurements, dE / dx calibration for muons, protons, pions and electrons, drift electron lifetime measurements, and photon detector noise, signal sensitivity and time resolution measurements. The measured values meet or exceed the specifications for the DUNE far detector, in several cases by large margins. ProtoDUNE-SP's successful operation starting in 2018 and its production of large samples of high-quality data demonstrate the effectiveness of the single-phase far detector design.
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Volume III. DUNE far detector technical coordination
(Institute of Physics, 2020-08-01)
The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay-these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- A nd dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module.
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Deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) near detector conceptual design report
(MDPI, 2021-12-01)
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international, world-class experiment aimed at exploring fundamental questions about the universe that are at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics research. DUNE will study questions pertaining to the preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of supernovae, the subtleties of neutrino interaction physics, and a number of beyond the Standard Model topics accessible in a powerful neutrino beam. A critical component of the DUNE physics program involves the study of changes in a powerful beam of neutrinos, i.e., neutrino oscillations, as the neutrinos propagate a long distance. The experiment consists of a near detector, sited close to the source of the beam, and a far detector, sited along the beam at a large distance. This document, the DUNE Near Detector Conceptual Design Report (CDR), describes the design of the DUNE near detector and the science program that drives the design and technology choices. The goals and requirements underlying the design, along with projected performance are given. It serves as a starting point for a more detailed design that will be described in future documents.
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An approach to the measurement of radon permeability and transmission factor using Cr-39 detectors inside a diffusion chambers exposed in a new-build radon chamber
(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2022-01-01)
Many CR-39 (poly allyl glycol carbonate) detectors inside two different diffusion chambers were used to study the radon permeability and the radon transmission factor. This factor represents the percentage of radon concentration that truly enters a diffusion chamber, since there is a loss of radon concentration inside the chamber compared to the outside radon concentration, due to the radioactive nature of radon gas. Here, a theoretical discussion is presented, followed by an experimental study that was carried out in a new-build radon chamber. These initial results are presented in order to check the reliability of the radon chamber. The most remarkable observation is that research consistently shows that the obtained value of radon permeability constant for a commercial membrane is 4.404×10 − 8±0.012×10 − 8cm2/s, which is in a good agreement with literature data.
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Separation of track- and shower-like energy deposits in ProtoDUNE-SP using a convolutional neural network
(Institute for Ionics, 2022-10-01)
Liquid argon time projection chamber detector technology provides high spatial and calorimetric resolutions on the charged particles traversing liquid argon. As a result, the technology has been used in a number of recent neutrino experiments, and is the technology of choice for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform high precision measurements of neutrinos in the detector, final state particles need to be effectively identified, and their energy accurately reconstructed. This article proposes an algorithm based on a convolutional neural network to perform the classification of energy deposits and reconstructed particles as track-like or arising from electromagnetic cascades. Results from testing the algorithm on experimental data from ProtoDUNE-SP, a prototype of the DUNE far detector, are presented. The network identifies track- and shower-like particles, as well as Michel electrons, with high efficiency. The performance of the algorithm is consistent between experimental data and simulation.
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The track-length extension fitting algorithm for energy measurement of interacting particles in liquid argon TPCs and its performance with ProtoDUNE-SP data
(Cornell University, 2024-09-26)
This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.
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Monte Carlo Simulation of a Simple and Fast Method to Experimentally Determine the Partial Sensitivity of a Bare LR-115 Detector Using Planar Alpha Sources
(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2023-01-01)
Partial sensitivity of the bare LR-115 detector (KB) to radon or thoron, or any of their airborne progeny, is an essential component in the detector's calibration factor. Its experimental determination is complex, requires expensive and sophisticated instruments and facilities, and is time consuming. Using the TRACK_TEST and SRIM programs, and Monte Carlo simulations, the possibility of a simple and fast method to determine KB experimentally was demonstrated. The method is based on calculations of the average value of detection efficiencies (i.e., the cumulative efficiency) for alpha particles emitted by a planar alpha source placed at different distances from detectors. Source radius can be estimated from the energy of emitted alpha particles, detector radius, and parameters dependent on etching conditions. Varying the emission energy of alpha particles, the source and detector radii, and the source-detector distance step length, an average value of 0.02 tracks. cm−2 per Bq.d.m−3 (0.22 cm) was obtained assuming standard etching conditions. In addition to alpha electrodeposited sources, sealed sources such as those built with anodized aluminium sheets proved to be suitable for this proposal. Experimentally, KB can be estimated from: track densities registered in detectors exposed at different distances from the source, range of distances that produce visible tracks, and source activity. The developed method is much simpler and faster than the conventional method that uses standard sources of radon and its progeny and large chamber with controlled conditions.
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Operation of a Modular 3D-Pixelated Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber in a Neutrino Beam
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-03-01)
The 2x2 Demonstrator, a prototype for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) liquid argon (LAr) Near Detector, was exposed to the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) neutrino beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). This detector is a prototype of a new modular design for a liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC), comprising a two-by-two array of four modules, each further segmented into two optically isolated LArTPCs. The 2x2 Demonstrator features a number of pioneering technologies, including a low-profile resistive field shell to establish drift fields, native 3D ionization pixelated imaging, and a high-coverage dielectric light readout system. The 2.4-tonne active mass detector is flanked upstream and downstream by supplemental solid-scintillator tracking planes, repurposed from the MINERvA experiment, which track ionizing particles exiting the argon volume. The antineutrino beam data collected by the detector over a 4.5 day period in 2024 include over 30,000 neutrino interactions in the LAr active volume—the first neutrino interactions reported by a DUNE detector prototype. During its physics-quality run, the 2x2 Demonstrator operated at a nominal drift field of 500 V/cm and maintained good LAr purity, with a stable electron lifetime of approximately 1.25 ms. This paper describes the detector and supporting systems, summarizes the installation and commissioning, and presents the initial validation of collected NuMI beam and off-beam self-triggers. In addition, it highlights observed interactions in the detector volume, including candidate muon antineutrino events.
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