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Item type:Publication, Libertad para competir en el mercado: una exploración parcial(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2008)We analyze three concepts of market competition. Although in each one of them one can appreciate the different aspects of freedom, they also contribute specially to some of them. We propose that the “neoclassical general equilibrium” mainly contributes to the discussion of the outcomes of an economic activity, the “barriers to entry” approach calls for a study of the resources necessary to compete and the “competition as a process” approach emphasizes the competitive activity itself. Moreover, as we move from the first onwards, enriching the meaning of competition, the possibility of losing opportunities to participate in the market becomes more evident. Entry and exit are part of the competitive process. Each concept of competition responds to theories that specify or allude to certain types and distribution of freedoms of maneuver of economic agents. Finally, we relate some market rules to income distribution and poverty. Throughout this study we often quote Amartya Sen with the purpose of building bridges between the study of competition and the approach of “development as freedom”. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Compiten las naciones? : dos enfoques(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1998)We first use the Scottish debate to show a non-Ricardian way of approaching the problem of inter-national economic relations distinguishing between the effects of an once-and-for-all opening of previously closed markets and a long-term process of interaction including technical change, relative wage movements, capital movements, etc.. Then we concentrate in the relatively narrow Ricardian problem and its consequences. The framework is the simplest possible two-goods economy since exchange rate variations, relative wages, tradable and non-tradable and other important variables are put aside in order to concentrate in the effect of assuming different theories of the money and its effects. Summarizing the well-known recent expressions of Krugman in this respect and the less well-known approach of Shaikh, we conclude that specialization and mutual benefit is not the necessary consequence of the opening of markets. Widening divergence can happen with no requirement of assumptions as increasing returns.