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Este trabajo indaga sobre la presencia de la doctrina del Margen de Apreciación Nacional (MAN) en el razonamiento desarrollado en el ámbito del sistema interamericano de derechos humanos, desde una perspectiva de articulación entre la jurisdicción de la Corte IDH y las jurisdicciones de los Estados parte. El argumento que se defiende en ese sentido se orienta a sostener que, en el marco de un proceso abierto de implementación de un modelo de constitucionalismo de los derechos globalizado, un cierto MAN resulta, no solo necesario para el diálogo judicial interamericano, sino que resulta incluso indispensable. Para lograr este objetivo, el trabajo se divide en tres partes: en la primera se plantea un breve recorrido por la doctrina del MAN y su justificación; en la segunda se expone el debate desarrollado al respecto en el entorno del sistema interamericano; y en la última se presenta un ejemplo de lo que podría resumir un modelo de interacción racional dialogada a partir del caso peruano del control convencional del indulto al ex presidente Alberto Fujimori.

Plant–pollinator interactions structure ecological communities and represent a key component of ecosystem functioning. Pollination networks are expected to be more diverse and specialised in the tropics, but pollination ecology in these regions has been understudied in comparison to other areas. We reviewed research on pollination in the tropical Andes, one of the major biodiversity hotspots on Earth, where the uplift of mountains and past climate have resulted in spatiotemporally distinct species interactions. We found 1010 scientific articles on pollination in the Andes, of which 473 included or were carried out in tropical regions. The number of publications on pollination ecology in the tropical Andes has increased exponentially, with Colombia having the most articles, followed by Ecuador and Peru, and with Bolivia and Venezuela having notably fewer studies. More research has been carried out in humid montane forests and agricultural landscapes, and it has predominantly focused on describing diversity of species and interactions while neglecting analyses on the resilience and adaptability of pollinating systems, even though the Andean region is particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change and continues to undergo land conversion and degradation. Remarkably few studies have incorporated local knowledge, thus ignoring connections to human livelihoods and communities. A phytocentric perspective has been predominant, with fewer studies focusing directly on pollinators and a notable lack of articles with a holistic approach to the study of pollination across taxonomic groups at the community or ecosystem level. We propose that future research adopts a cross‐scale approach that considers the complexity of the ecological contexts in which plant–pollinator interactions occur, and incorporates long‐term monitoring with broader multilayer networks and molecular tools, experiments focused on ecophysiology and behaviour, animal telemetry, process‐modelling approaches and participatory science. A stronger field driven by interdisciplinary collaborations will contribute to knowledge about pollination at a global scale, as well as increase our understanding of the diversity and resilience of pollination interactions in this region, thus improving our capacity to predict and avoid ecosystem collapses.

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