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    Ulvan-based materials doped with lithium sulfate salts as solid biopolymer electrolytes for energy storage applications
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-03-01)
    The conversion of algae biomass into high-value technological materials can promote the utilization of green algae and mitigate issues such as green tides and biofouling. This paper reports, for the first time, the utilization of ulvan in the production of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) doped with lithium sulfate salts. Ulvan were obtained from the green algae Ulva nematoidea using two different processing methods: hot water extraction and alkaline extraction. Hot water extraction enables the extraction of ulvan chains with a high molecular weight. In contrast, alkaline extraction produces a heterogeneous molecular weight distribution with Mw values of 730 kDa, 339 kDa, and 380 kDa. Frequency-dependent conductivity plots showed that SBEs made from ulvan extracted using the alkaline route featured higher conductivity than those SBEs made from water-extracted ulvan. The highest conductivity was obtained with ulvan extracted using the alkaline procedure, measuring 1.73 × 10−5 S/cm (tested at 10 MHz and 80 °C). The open conformation and low molecular weight of the ulvan extracted using the alkaline route would promote the segmental movement of ulvan chains and the mobility of Li+ ions. The results showed that ulvan can be used to produce solid-state electrolytes (SBEs) doped with Li-ion salt. The extraction procedure, Li-ion salt concentration, temperature, and frequency are essential variables that determine the conductivity of SBEs.
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    Controlled extraction and characterization of ulvan from Ulva papenfussii with potential applications in sustainable energy
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2025)
    The industrial applications of unused natural resources are a key issue in sustainability research. Here we describe the extraction of the biopolymer ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide, from the green alga Ulva papenfussii. Two different extraction techniques, hot water extraction and alkaline extraction, were used. Ulvan extracted using the hot water extraction method, featured an extraction yield of 29% and a sulfate content of 50% while alkaline extraction produced a yield of 21% and a sulfate content of 28%. The ulvan obtained via hot water extraction also showed a more homogeneous molecular weight distribution than the ulvan obtained with the alkaline extraction method. Flat rectangular films were prepared for characterization using a casting technique. The films prepared using hot water-extracted ulvan displayed lower glass transition and thermal degradation temperatures compared to the other samples. These biopolymeric films can be used in the development of novel materials with potential applications in the food, biomedical, and energy storage industries.
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