3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Recursos, producción y ambiente(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de la Naturaleza, Tierra y Energía (INTE-PUCP), 2022)The environment is in a difficult and complex situation where natural resources are decreasing to attend the needs of the population, because the resource replacement rate is lower than its consumption rate. The population is constantly growing, to date there are 7.8 billion inhabitants, and it is estimated at 8.5 billion inhabitants by 2030. They will require food, clothing, housing, services and others, that is, natural resources will be needed to be transformed and obtain goods and services. In this context, Peru is a megadiverse country and very rich in natural resources such as forest, hydro-biological, water, mining, hydrocarbon resources, soil, among others, which can become a pantry for the world. What is the situation of these resources today? It is necessary to include production systems to understand environmental problems, since to obtain goods and services, these systems consume resources and generate waste, effluents and / or emissions in their operations, impacting the environment. So, it is necessary to know how these systems have been developed. Were environmental criteria considered in decision making? To contribute to sustainability, avoiding or mitigating environmental impacts, it is necessary to make decisions using methodologies and tools with a more comprehensive approach such as, life cycle assessment, industrial ecology, circular economy, among others. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Identifying environmental impacts linked to the production of plant-based spreads in Peru using life cycle assessment(Elsevier B.V., 2024-06-01)Plant-based spread products, such as margarine, are made up of a combination of diverse ingredients, many times arriving from different parts of the world. This makes their environmental impact challenging to compute. In Latin America, despite efforts in recent years to enlarge the number of food items that have been analyzed from an environmental perspective, many processed products remain unexplored. In this context, the main objective of the current study was to determine the environmental impacts of a set of five plant-based spread products in Peru using life cycle assessment. For this, primary data were collected from the main margarine producer up to the gate of the agroindustrial plant ready for distribution. Methodological choices, such as allocation, the computation of land use changes (LUCs) or agricultural management variability, were an important subset of variables to be considered in the life cycle modeling and accounted for through scenario and sensitivity analyses. Results demonstrated that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to margarine production in Peru range from 1.66 to 6.00 kg CO2eq per kilogram of product, in a similar range to other studies in the literature. LUCs accounted for the highest contribution to GHG emissions, whereas crude oil extraction, as well as on field fertilizer emissions were the other main contributors. In other impact categories, plant protection agents were relevant in toxicity indicators, fertilization in eutrophication and transport in air quality-related categories. These results constitute a benchmark for the production of plant-based products in Latin America and are useful for attaining cleaner production, as well as for the optimization of ingredients and packaging design.