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Item type:Publication, Insights for contact linguistics and future investigations of Spanish in the Amazon region(John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2020-06-23)Abstract This closing chapter summarizes the main contributions of this volume and highlights areas of interest for scholars investigating Spanish in the Amazon region. We aim to show what can be gained from the study of Spanish in the Amazon, including insights for general linguistic theory, syntactic theory, phonological theory, etc., as well as for the specific subfields of contact linguistics and bilingualism. We start with a brief review of the existing work on the different Varieties of Amazonian Spanish (VAS) and tie this to the chapters in the current manuscript. Finally, we conclude with some directions for future explorations of Spanish in Amazonia. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Wetland spirits and indigenous knowledge: implications for the conservation of wetlands in the Peruvian Amazon(Elsevier, 2021-01-01)Globally, the importance of indigenous and local knowledge systems for science, policy, environmental conservation and the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples is increasingly being recognised. The Amazon region in particular is home to many indigenous peoples who have conserved their cultural traditions and knowledge, despite growing threats to the environment and traditional lifestyles and cultures. Based on insights from ethnographic research in three indigenous communities, here we present a case study on the indigenous knowledge of the Urarina people of the Chambira Basin in the Peruvian Amazon and its implications for conservation. We describe, for the first time, a series of anthropomorphic and territorial “wetland spirits”, who are associated with particular wetland ecosystems and range in character from the benign to outright aggressive. Their presence may indirectly benefit conservation of wetlands, as humans fear or respect these wetland spirits and adapt their behaviour accordingly. While benign spirits may be seen as positive models to follow, aggressive spirits may deter unsustainable harvesting of resources through fear of disease or death. However, their cultural status is not adequately captured by such rational-scientific explanations. Wetland spirits are important characters within the indigenous cosmos of humans and non-humans, which is built on a relational, rather than extractive model of connecting humans and nature. We discuss our findings in the context of wider conceptual debates on recognising relational ontologies in environmental policy and conservation, the paradigm of biocultural conservation, as well as their implications for land titling, and incorporating indigenous perspectives in local education. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The multiple viewpoints for the Amazon: geographic limits and meanings(2021-09-20)The geographic term “Amazon” describes several distinct but overlapping hydrological, geological, biological, and geopolitical entities located in northern South America (Albert et al. 2018). It is therefore useful to distinguish the Amazon as a drainage basin, a sedimentary basin, a biodiversity province, and a geopolitical unit. This report describes the multiple boundaries and definitions of the geographical area called "the Amazon". - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, We have survived it all! Care and collaborative work in the Kukama Kukamiria peoples of the Peruvian Amazon to fight COVID-19(Universidade Federal de Goias, 2021-05-01)Este es un artículo sobre cómo pueblos indígenas de las tierras bajas del Río Marañón, en la Amazonía peruana, han respondido a la actual pandemia de COVID-19. El análisis se sitúa en los márgenes del Estado y en medios contaminados por el petróleo, donde las comunidades Kukama Kukamiria han desarrollado acciones de cuidado como actos políticos de supervivencia. Se trata de formas de trabajo colaborativo no asalariado que no son reconocidas en un sistema capitalista, pero que se configuran en acciones políticas de sobrevivencia frente a este. El artículo describe estos cuidados en el marco de una larga relación de no reconocimiento y explotación del Estado hacia los pueblos indígenas amazónicos. También analizamos cómo el cuidado presenta desafíos metodológicos, políticos, y éticos que requieren ser considerados en la etnografía remota, a distancia, y virtual, y que nos sugieren una propuesta de trabajo colaborativo. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Introduction to dossier. Constructing borders and understanding citizenship: cross-border societies in the Amazon(2021-04-27)Introduction to dossierConstructing borders and understanding citizenship: Cross-border societies in the Amazon - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Variation of non-structural carbohydrates across the fast-slow continuum in Amazon forest canopy trees(Wiley, 2021-11-20)Tropical tree species span a range of life‐history strategies within a fast–slow continuum. The position of a species within this continuum is thought to reflect a negative relationship between growth and storage, with fast‐growing species allocating more carbon to growth and slow‐growing species investing more in storage. For tropical species, the relationship between storage and life‐history strategies has been largely studied on seedlings and less so in adult trees. We evaluated how stored non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) vary across adult trees spanning the fast–slow continuum in the Peruvian Amazon by: (a) analysing whole‐tree NSC in two species of contrasting growth and (b) investigating the relationships with key life‐history traits across a broader set of species. Our results are consistent with a growth–storage trade‐off. The analysis of whole‐tree NSC revealed that the slow‐growing Eschweilera coriacea stored about 2.7 times as much NSC as the fast‐growing Bixa arborea due to markedly higher storage in woody stems and roots. B. arborea also had higher seasonality in NSC, reflecting its strong seasonality in stem growth. Across a range of species, stem starch was negatively related to species growth rate and positively related to wood density. Given the role of NSC in mediating plants' response to stress, our results suggest that slow‐growing species with greater storage reserves may be more resilient to drought than fast‐growing species. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Non-structural carbohydrates mediate seasonal water stress across Amazon forests(Nature Research, 2021-12-01)Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are major substrates for plant metabolism and have been implicated in mediating drought-induced tree mortality. Despite their significance, NSC dynamics in tropical forests remain little studied. We present leaf and branch NSC data for 82 Amazon canopy tree species in six sites spanning a broad precipitation gradient. During the wet season, total NSC (NSCT) concentrations in both organs were remarkably similar across communities. However, NSCT and its soluble sugar (SS) and starch components varied much more across sites during the dry season. Notably, the proportion of leaf NSCT in the form of SS (SS:NSCT) increased greatly in the dry season in almost all species in the driest sites, implying an important role of SS in mediating water stress in these sites. This adjustment of leaf NSC balance was not observed in tree species less-adapted to water deficit, even under exceptionally dry conditions. Thus, leaf carbon metabolism may help to explain floristic sorting across water availability gradients in Amazonia and enable better prediction of forest responses to future climate change. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Exploring machine learning techniques to predict deforestation to enhance the decision-making of road construction projects(Wiley, 2021-08-24)Land use changes (LUCs), which are defined as the modification in the use of land due to anthropogenic activities, are important sources of GHG emissions. In this context, understanding future trends of LUCs, such as deforestation, in a spatial manner is relevant. The main objective of this study is to generate a deforestation prediction model for a given period of time (i.e., 2002–2017 and 2010–2017) to estimate the potential carbon emissions associated with different anthropogenic variables in the Peruvian Amazon using machine learning (ML) algorithms. This study was motivated in the analysis of a road project previously studied using life cycle assessment (LCA). Models using neural networks and random forest algorithms were trained and evaluated in a fully cloud-based environment using Google Earth Engine. ML-related results demonstrated that random forest is a quicker and straightforward response to model the system under study, especially considering that data do not require additional processing during the modeling and prediction stages. Predicted results suggest that expected road expansion may be related to considerable carbon emissions in the future. Calculated values are relevant especially if the mitigation efforts that Peru has complied with in the Paris Agreement are considered. The increased complexity of the framework is justified since it allows identifying the location of hotspots and may potentially complement the utility of LCA in policy support in the areas of territorial planning and tropical road expansion.