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Item type:Publication, Aboveground biomass in secondary montane forests in Peru: slow carbon recovery in agroforestry legacies(Elsevier, 2021-08-01)Andean tropical montane forests (TMF) are hotspots of biodiversity that provide fundamental hydrological services as well as carbon sequestration and storage. Agroforestry systems occupy large areas in the Andes but climatic pressures, market volatility and diseases may result inagroforest abandonment, promoting secondary succession. Secondary forests are well-adapted and efficient carbon sinks whose conservation is vital to mitigate and adapt to climate change and to support biodiversity. Little is known, however, about how secondary TMF recover their aboveground biomass (AGB) and composition after abandonment. We established a 1.5 ha plot at 1780 masl on a 30-year old abandoned agroforest and compared it against two control forest plots at similar elevations. Agroforestry legacies influenced AGB leading to far lower stocks (42.3 ± 5.4–59.6 ± 7.9 Mg ha−1 using allometric equations) than those expected after 30 years (106 ± 33 Mg ha−1) based on IPCC standard growth rates for secondary montane forests. This suggests a regional overestimation of mitigation potentials when using IPCC standards. Satellite-derived AGB largely overestimated our plot values (179 ± 27.3 Mg ha−1). Secondary growth rates (1.41–2.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for DBH ≥ 10 cm) indicate recovery times of ca. 69 to 97 years to reach average control AGB values (137 ± 12.3 Mg ha−1). This is 26 years above the average residence time of montane forests at our elevation (71 ± 1.91 years) suggesting a non-recovery or far slower recovery to control AGB values. Three variables appear to define this outcome compared to the control plots: lower DBH (15.8 ± 5.9 cm vs 19.8 ± 11.0 cm), lower basal area (12.67 ± 0.7 vs 28.03 ± 1.5 m2 ha−1) and higher abundance of lighter-wood tree genera (0.46 ± 0.10 vs 0.57 ± 0.11 gr cm3) such as Inga, a common shade-tree in Andean agroforests. With 3.2 million hectares committed to restoration, Peru needs to target currently neglected TMF recovery schemes to support biodiversity, water and carbon storage and fulfill its international commitments. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Policy Brief: The role of Amazonian Indigenous Peoples in fighting the climate crisis(2022-11-01)Indigenous territories (ITs) in the Amazon protect approximately 24.5 GtC aboveground, act as significant barriers to deforestation and forest degradation, and serve as an important buffer against climate change. Demarcated ITs have significantly less deforestation than unrecognized lands, demonstrating the importance of demarcating ITs to both protect the livelihoods and cultures of the Amazon’s native peoples and to conserve its forests and rivers. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Embedding circularity into the transition towards sustainable agroforestry systems in Peru(Elsevier B.V., 2022-09-10)Peru is promoting the adoption of agroforestry systems with the aim to halt the deforestation of tropical forests caused by smallholder farmers. However, deficient soil conservation practices and nutrient management are common among the targeted smallholders, hampering the success of this strategy. In this study, we explore the potential of valorizing municipal biowaste as compost to be used as soil amendment in coffee agroforestry systems and in silvopastoral systems. The analysis was concentrated in four Peruvian regions and the most populous city in each of them. For lands with coffee production, it was assumed that 90 kg N ha−1 (i.e., 50% of the N requirements) should come from compost, while for pastures, the requirement was 40 kg P ha−1. We found that composting could lead to large greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions compared with the current waste disposal methods (i.e., deep dumping and landfilling), as it only emits 5–10% of the GHG emissions produced with the other methods. Nonetheless, the area of agroforestry and silvopastoral systems that could be fertilized with compost obtained from the main city of each region is limited and insufficient. If all compost were to be used for the coffee agroforestry system, less than 3% of the coffee agroforestry area could be fertilized, while in the case of pastures, only 4% would be attained. Large amounts of compost could be obtained from Lima, the most populated city; however, its transportation to the agroforestry areas would increase compost GHG emissions by 15–60%. Although composting municipal food waste and loss may bring GHG benefits and should be promoted, its use as a fertilizer requires mixing with N-rich sources to improve its nutrient quality. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Life cycle assessment of organic chocolate production in Peru(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)Limited studies have been conducted in Latin America related to the environmental profile of cocoa and chocolate production using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The current study conducts a cradle-to-gate LCA of the production of organic chocolate products in Peru, considering cocoa cultivation practices by a group of 21 female producers located in central Peru in the year 2022. Data were collected on-site at cultivation sites and processing plant using questionnaires with the technical staff. Beyond fossil and biogenic emissions linked to cultivation, transport of dried cocoa, and manufacturing activities at the chocolate producing plant, carbon capture on fields by cocoa and shading trees was modeled and included in the carbon balance. A total of 8 impact categories were selected, considering different environmental compartments. Results for global warming using the main scenario show a range of values from 4.33 kg CO 2 eq per kilogram of final chocolate product to 4.88 kg CO 2 eq. Most impacts are derived from the production of dry cocoa beans and, to a lesser extent, upstream sugarcane production. However, important differences were evident when the individual cocoa producers were analyzed, with agroforestry systems presenting lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than cocoa monocrops. Regarding water scarcity, the activities at the chocolate processing plant were found to contribute more than water use at the cocoa cultivation sites. For other impact categories, toxicity emissions at the cultivation site were relatively low given the organic characteristics of the fields, which do not use conventional pesticides. The post-harvest management of the cocoa pods (i.e., composting) is a critical source of GHG emissions. Hence, adequate composting conditions maintain methane emissions low, but direct return of the pods to the field can generate a substantial increase in GHG emissions. Carbon sequestration from above ground biomass, mainly from shading and cocoa trees, appears to mitigate an important fraction of these emissions if shading is homogeneous and sufficiently dense across the fields. • A Life Cycle Assessment was conducted on the production of organic chocolate in Peru. • A group of 21 producers was sampled for organic cocoa practices in central Peru. • A full characterization of the biogenic carbon cycle in cultivation sites was modeled. • Global warming results show better results for agroforestry systems and cocoa pod husk composting practices. • Manufacturing stage impacts are dominated by water use, cooling agents and upstream sugar production.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Tropical forests in the Americas are changing too slowly to track climate change(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2025)Understanding the capacity of forests to adapt to climate change is of pivotal importance for conservation science, yet this is still widely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly acute in high-biodiversity tropical forests. Here, we examined how tropical forests of the Americas have shifted community trait composition in recent decades as a response to changes in climate. Based on historical trait-climate relationships, we found that, overall, the studied functional traits show shifts of less than 8% of what would be expected given the observed changes in climate. However, the recruit assemblage shows shifts of 21% relative to climate change expectation. The most diverse forests on Earth are changing in functional trait composition but at a rate that is fundamentally insufficient to track climate change.4 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Forest Age Rivals Climate to Explain Reproductive Allocation Patterns in Forest Ecosystems Globally(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)Forest allocation of net primary productivity (NPP) to reproduction (carbon required for flowers, fruits, and seeds) is poorly quantified globally, despite its critical role in forest regeneration and a well‐supported trade‐off with allocation to growth. Here, we present the first global synthesis of a biometric proxy for forest reproductive allocation (RA) across environmental and stand age gradients from a compiled dataset of 824 observations across 393 sites. We find that ecosystem‐scale RA increases ~60% from boreal to tropical forests. Climate shows important non‐linear relationships with RA, but is not the sole predictor. Forest age effects are comparable to climate in magnitude (MAT: ß = 0.24, p = 0.021; old growth forest: ß = 0.22, p < 0.001), while metrics of soil fertility show small but significant relationships with RA (soil pH: ß = 0.07, p = 0.001; soil N: ß = −0.07, p = 0.001). These results provide strong evidence that ecosystem-scale RA is mediated by climate, forest age, and soil conditions, and is not a globally fixed fraction of positive NPP as assumed by most vegetation and ecosystem models. Our dataset and findings can be used by modellers to improve predictions of forest regeneration and carbon cycling.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Insights From a New 1-ha Permanent Forest Plot Reveal Differences Between Habitat Type and Similarities Between Forest Type in the Southwestern Amazon(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)The southwestern Amazon is a biodiversity hotspot home to some of the oldest permanent forest dynamics plots in the basin. Despite the region's abundance of plots, we still know relatively little about how tree diversity and composition change across the region's precipitation gradient, between habitat types, and how disturbed and managed forests compare to protected, old-growth forests since the majority of forest plots are located in protected forests. In this study, we first described a new 1-ha permanent forest dynamics plot at the confluence of agricultural land and managed Brazil nut forest. We then compared the plot to others in the region to evaluate the relationship between precipitation and plot diversity, compositional differences between floodplain and terra firme forest, and differences in forest dynamics between our disturbed forest plot and old-growth forest plots. Contrary to large-scale patterns in tree diversity, we found no relationship between precipitation and tree alpha diversity for plots in the southwestern Amazon. There were, however, clear compositional differences between floodplain and terra firme forests. Annual change in the aboveground biomass of the new plot was higher than in other plots in the region. Similarly, annual rates of mortality and recruitment were lower and higher, respectively, in the new plot compared to the other plots. The floristic and structural similarities between plots in disturbed or managed forests and plots in old-growth forests indicate a high resilience of tropical forests to low-intensity disturbances. Our findings thus provide evidence that low-intensity logging and low-impact Brazil nut harvesting in the southwest Amazon do not significantly alter forest structure and composition in the medium to long term. Our new plot bolsters the representation of disturbed and managed forests in plot databases and will be an important resource for future studies of large-scale patterns of forest diversity, structure, and dynamics.18