DSpace-CRIS

Between 2004 and 2014 the Peruvian economy experienced a noticeable growth which surpassed most of Latin American countries during that period, leading some to quote this episode as the Peruvian Growth Miracle. Yet, growth of wages would not have been accompanied by an equally marked reduction in wage differentials between men and women despite government efforts to address this issue. Consequently, this study analyzes and decomposes the gender wage gap in Peru for 2004 and 2014 using the Machado and Mata (2005) decomposition method correcting for sample selection bias in the context of quantile regression (Albrecht et al. 2009). This allows to decompose the differential in terms of the endowment and treatment effect at each point of the income distribution instead of, as has been customary in previous studies for Peru, only at the average of the distribution. Using data from the National Household Survey, we find that unconditional and conditional gaps, which favour men, have deepened between 2004 and 2014 at every point of the distribution, while there is evidence of sticky floors and glass ceilings in both years. Decompositions consistently reveal that, for both years, discrimination against women is the most important factor behind gender gaps at each percentile even though the effect of endowments plays in favor of those. All in all, this raise doubts about the aggregate effectiveness of pro-equity policies applied in recent years. Entre el 2004 y 2014 la economía peruana experimentó un crecimiento notable en relación al de otros países Latinoamericanos, al punto que algunos acuñaron el término El Milagro Peruano para referirse a este episodio. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de salarios no habría estado acompañado por una reducción igualmente notable de los diferenciales de salarios entre hombres y mujeres pese a los esfuerzos del gobierno para abordar esta problemática. Consecuentemente, el presente estudio analiza y descompone la brecha salarial de género en el Perú mediante el método de descomposición de Machado and Mata (2005) corrigiendo por sesgo de selección muestral en el contexto de regresión cuantílica (Albrecht et al. 2009). Éste posibilita descomponer el diferencial en términos del efecto dotaciones y tratamiento en cada punto de la distribución de ingresos y no, como se ha hecho en los estudios previos para el Perú, sólo para el promedio de aquella. Usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, los resultados señalan que las brechas incondicionales y condicionales, que favorecen a los hombres, han crecido entre 2004 y 2014 en cada punto de la distribución a la vez que se encuentra evidencia de pisos pegajosos y techos de cristal en ambos años. Las descomposiciones consistentemente revelan que, para ambos años, la discriminación contra la mujer es el factor más importante detrás de las brechas de género en cada percentil a pesar de que el efecto de dotaciones favorece a aquellas. Estos resultados generan dudas sobre la eficacia agregada de políticas pro-equidad aplicadas en los últimos años.

The objective of this article is to show new possibilities of facing urban inequalities from the architectural point of view, in the current context of the city of Lima. Based on the hypothesis that inequality is a structural problem of Peruvian society, the attempts to confront it from the disciplines of architecture and urbanism ends up encouraging it, since the projects are elaborated from tools and methodologies disseminated by the same system that produces such inequalities. Based on a theoretical framework that criticizes the neoliberal urbanism, this paper analyzes a series of research-action projects (carried out in peripheral areas in Lima in the last five years, with the participation of the author) that propose urban regeneration based on recovering the public space, where architecture is used as a means to question socio-spatial dynamics and provoke positive conflicts that make possible the conquest of citizenship through the full exercise of the right to the city.

3. Producción

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