3. Producción
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Item type:Publication, Quitarle a los ricos para darle a los pobres?: Una propuesta de redistribución de los recursos del canon y regalías mineras a nivel municipal(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2008)In this study the Peruvian intergovernmental transfer system was re-designed taking into consideration both horizontal equity and transverse compensation in the distribution of resources. In doing so, the Admad, Singh and Fortuna (2004)’s methodology was used, the same which proposes a formula to equalize intergovernmental transfers by calculating fiscal capacities and spending requirements at the municipal level. The results of the study are 5: (i) the municipalities located at mining regions receive more resources than they should receive according to their fiscal capacities and spending needs; (ii) the municipalities located at mining regions received S/. 1364.3 millions (US$ 455 millions) in excess, which represents a surplus of 67.5%; (iii) when a entire reform of the transfer system is implemented, the whole of the resources that municipalities placed at mining regions receive in excess are redistributed between non-mining municipalities; (iv) the variance of the resources inter-regional distribution declines gradually in each of the 3 stages of the proposed reform; (v) additional resources are not necessary to equalize the intergovernmental transfer system, only political will is needed. At the end, the study establishes 4 guidelines to implement a reform of the Peruvian intergovernmental transfer system. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ¿Cuál es el costo de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos en el Perú?(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2011)This study estimates the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency (Pittman, 1981.1983, Färe et al., 1989, 1993, 2003; Rao, 2000). This framework understands such costs as the mining companies trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable-output) and reducing environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (output-undesirable). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and nonparametric production possibility frontiers to 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources conducted by Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (OSINERGMIN) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources raised to $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. This economic cost was highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and was also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tobit regressions were not able to identify a pattern that explains the economic costs by using institutional, spatial and operational variables, which may be noted that it could be explained by factors related to the environmental management of mining production process. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on an administrative-criteria, which does not fine for the potential environmental damage generated, the results of this study highlight the need to redesign this system based on an economic-criteria in order to establish a preventive mechanism of the pollution process in order to generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address negative externalities that emerge from their production process. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, ¿Cuál es el costo de la contaminación ambiental minera sobre los recursos hídricos en el Perú?(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2011)This study estimates the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources for the years 2008 and 2009 based on the conceptual framework of Environmental Efficiency (Pittman, 1981.1983, Färe et al., 1989, 1993, 2003; Rao, 2000). This framework understands such costs as the mining companies trade-off between increasing production that is saleable at market prices (desirable-output) and reducing environmental pollution that emerges from the production process (output-undesirable). These economic costs were calculated from parametric and nonparametric production possibility frontiers to 28 and 37 mining units in 2008 and 2009, respectively, which were under the purview of the National Campaign for Environmental Monitoring of Effluent and Water Resources conducted by Energy and Mining Investment Supervisory Agency (OSINERGMIN) in those years. The results show that the economic cost of mining pollution on water resources raised to $ 814.7 million and U.S. $ 448.8 million for 2008 and 2009, respectively. This economic cost was highly concentrated in a few mining units, within a few pollution parameters, and was also higher in mining units with average/low mineral production. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tobit regressions were not able to identify a pattern that explains the economic costs by using institutional, spatial and operational variables, which may be noted that it could be explained by factors related to the environmental management of mining production process. Taking into consideration that at present the fine and penalty system in the mining sector is based on an administrative-criteria, which does not fine for the potential environmental damage generated, the results of this study highlight the need to redesign this system based on an economic-criteria in order to establish a preventive mechanism of the pollution process in order to generate the necessary incentives for mining companies to address negative externalities that emerge from their production process.