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The environmentalization of mining in Colombia, Chile, and Peru: A comparative analysis of green state formation
(Elsevier, 2020-11-26)
The environmentalization of mining is similar but different in Colombia, Chile, and Peru, and adopting an embeddedness theory framework helps to explain this. Green state formation diffuses because the international political economy demands so: world society embeds the economy and pushes for environmental rights, which leads to trade rules. However, particular institutional and ecological contexts shape the development of distinct varieties of state greening. In particular, the 1970s and 1990s junctures were windows of opportunity for diverse green state formation processes, conditioned by their respective national contexts: there was an early start with decentralized features in Colombia, a late beginning and constrained state formation in Chile, and very late and mostly legal progress in Peru. Environmentalization is highly idiosyncratic, characterized by policy and law progressivism in Colombia, neoliberal technocraticism in Chile, and lawmaking with the lowest bureaucratic autonomy in Peru. Mining being so powerful, its environmental impacts so complex, and green state formation so restricted or minimal, the environmentalization of mining appears formal and discursive for the most part, especially in Peru's weak state.
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From paper institutions to bureaucratic autonomy: institutional change as a resource curse remedy
(Elsevier, 2021-07-01)
Over the last three decades, drawn by international influence and local discontent, mineral-dependent Peru has progressed in the acquisition of environmental protection regulations and policies for its mining industry. However, for regulations and policy announcements to matter, in face of power asymmetries and economic dependence, there must be bureaucratic autonomy. The cases of Hualgayoc and Pasco, scenarios of long and distinct processes of environmental damage and contention regarding mining in the Peruvian Andes, show fairly limited progress in environmental protection. This study on institutional change begins at the 1990s domestic-neoliberalism-meets-global-environmentalism juncture. The triumphant policy ideology of liberal boosting of the economy structured newborn environmental functions of the state for its mining industry. We show that pressures from above —the greened international political economy— and below —grassroots activism and protest— are contextual conditions enabling formal institutional change: they compel a resource-dependent developing country to carry out institutional reform to protect the environment from extractive industries. However, accretion of formal rules does not bring on their own bureaucratic autonomy for environmental protection.
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Maps’ agency and mountains’ multiplicity: Conflicts triggered by state maps involving pilgrims and desired mining futures in the Andes
(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-09-01)
This article analyzes how the agency of state maps triggered conflicts between rural communities, pilgrims, and state institutions, in which some mountains emerged as multiple entities within and beyond the nature-culture divide. The Quyllurit'i shrine is the focus of an important pilgrimage in the Andes. The Peruvian state established the shrine´s Protected Area in 2010 but had been granting mining concessions around it. Confronted with a state map of the Protected Area surrounded by mining concessions, the pilgrims' organizations called for their nullification and staged protests in Cuzco city in 2016. Meanwhile, the community within which the shrine is located experienced the establishment of the Protected Area as a process of land expropriation. Its members were holders of the mining concessions and aimed to conduct mining on their lands. Mining concessions, the Protected Area, and land titles were the state maps mediating these conflicts.
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Theory of Phase-Adaptive Parametric Cooling
(American Physical Society, 2023-05-01)
We propose an adaptive phase technique for the parametric cooling of mechanical oscillators. Our scheme calls for a sequence of periodic adjustments of the phase of a parametric modulation of the mechanical oscillator that is conditioned on measurements of its two quadratures. The technique indicates an exponential loss of thermal energy at initial high occupancies, similar in performance to other optomechanical techniques such as cold-damping or cavity self-cooling. As the quantum ground state is approached, the phase adaptive scheme leads to residual occupancies at the level of a few phonons owing to the competition between parametric amplification of quantum fluctuations and the feedback action.
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Roles and Legitimacy of the Communal Indigenous Authorities: Landlords, Ruwales and Relations with the State in Q’ero Communities (Cusco, Peru, 1922-2020)
(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2023-01-01)
This article analyzes the roles and legitimacy of the communal authorities at the Q’ero hacienda (Paucartambo, Cusco) and the communities emerging therefrom. The colonial state established the hacienda in the XVII century. However, in 1922, its authority structure was more characteristic of communities descending from colonial Councils of Indians (Cabildos de Indios). Based on ethnographic records beginning in 1922 and fieldwork conducted in 2007 and 2008, the article shows how communal indigenous authorities, whose external legitimacy came from the landlord and the state, were essential to organizing hacienda work. As part of their role as mediators between humans and ruwales (places with agency and intentionality), these authorities were responsible for the rainy season festivities. When the hacienda closed in the 1960s, the state recognized these collectives as ‘peasant communities’ and imposed a new authority structure. While these new authorities were in charge of the relations with the state, the communal indigenous authorities continued in their roles. Their legitimacy emerged directly from the community of humans and ruwales and was only weakly tied to the state.

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