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Item type:Publication, Comparing experiences of constitutional reforms to enshrine the right to water in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru: opportunities and limitations(MDPI, 2021-12-01)In this paper we compare recent efforts towards the constitutionalization of the right to water in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru to understand the opportunities and limitations related to the attempts to enhance access to piped water to the highest normative level. Peru passed a constitutional amendment in 2017 while Brazil and Colombia have seen much right-to-water activism but have not succeeded in passing such reforms. We explore the role of the existing domestic legal frameworks on drinkable water provision and water management towards the approval of constitutional amendments. We find that all three countries have specialized laws, water governing institutions, and constitutional jurisprudence connecting access to water with rights, but the legal opportunity structures to enforce socio-economic rights vary; they are stronger in Colombia and Brazil, and weaker in Peru. We argue that legal opportunity structures build legal environments that influence constitutional reform success. Legal opportunity structures act as incentives both for social movements to push for reforms and for actors with legislative power to accept or reject them. Our findings also show that in some contexts political cost is a key element of constitutional reforms that enshrine the right to water; therefore, this is an element that should be considered when analyzing these processes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Protecting gains: Extractivism, social movements, and the politics of policy implementation(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-03-01)Scholarship on social movements around conflicts over extractive development has advanced in identifying when movements are likely to impact policy adoption. Yet, in Latin America policies are rarely implemented – a reality that commonly leads conflicts to reignite. This sheds light over this often overlooked issue. We focus on the politics of policy implementation – when and how social movements around extractive development have higher chances to favorably impact policy enforcement. To this end, we switch the attention from the strategies of social movements and their outcomes over policy implementation at the local level, to their cumulative impact on national-level policy. We argue for a comparative political economy approach that enables us to identify the systemic, intermediate, and short-term factors that impact the effect of movements on conflicts over policy implementation. Building on this approach, we propose three potential implementation outcomes – positive, status quo and rollback – depending on the degree to which they align with a movement's position. We conclude highlighting the contributions of the articles in this issue to the politics of policy implementation and providing some insights for social movements’ course of action to protect their gains. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Demobilization Processes in Latin America(Oxford University Press, 2023-01-01)What are the main dynamics and mechanisms of demobilization among Latin American social movements? What political and economic contexts create obstacles for their contentious collective actions? In which ways do the political economy, states, and political parties shape patterns of demobilization? Under which conditions do social movements decide to refrain from mobilizing? This chapter addresses these questions by zooming in on contemporary South America. It focuses attention on specific geographical and historical coordinates: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru in the context of neoliberalization in the 1990s and the “commodity boom” of the 2000s. It understands demobilization as a process resulting from interactions within and between social movements, and between social movements and other actors. Demobilization is not simply the absence of mobilization, as it assumes the previous organization of contentious actions of organizations that are still active. The study of demobilization requires focusing on the role of agency and strategy to better understand how social movements refrain from mobilizing to advance their claims and achieve their goals. The chapter discusses six mechanisms underpinning recent demobilization trends in Latin America: performative governance, institutional recognition, social conformism, dual pressure, taking sides, and the glocalization of protest.