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    Calibration of the SMAP Soil Moisture Retrieval Algorithm to Reduce Bias over the Amazon Rainforest
    (European Organization for Nuclear Research, 2023-09-15)
    Soil moisture (SM) is crucial for the Earth's ecosystem, impacting climate and vegetation health. Obtaining in-situ observations of SM is labor-intensive and complex, particularly in remote and densely vegetated regions like the Amazon rainforest. NASA's Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission, utilizing an L-band radiometer, aims to monitor global SM. While it has been validated in areas with low Vegetation Water Content (VWC) (< 5 kg/m²), its efficiency in the Amazon, which has dense canopies and high VWC (> 10 kg/m²), is uncertain due to scarce in-situ measurements. This study validates and analyzes SMAP data in the Amazon, employing the single-channel algorithm (SCA) and adjusting vegetation optical depth (τ) and single scattering albedo (ω), two key vegetation parameters. It incorporates in-situ SM observations from three old-growth rainforest locations: Tambopata (Southwest Amazon), Manaus (Central Amazon), and Caxiuana (Eastern Amazon). There were substantial discrepancies between SMAP and in-situ data. However, using calibrated τ and ω values, characterized by a lower τ, results in better agreement with in situ measurements. The study emphasizes the pressing need for innovative methodologies to accurately assess SM in high VWC regions like the Amazon using SMAP data.
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    The fluvial architecture of the Amazonian neighborhood of Belen, Peru
    (Taylor & Francis, 2026-01-01)
    The city of Iquitos (Peruvian Amazon) is composed of flood-prone urban communities that relate collective and economic activities to the river dynamics. The research objective is to describe architecture types of the Belen neighborhood (one of the most commercially and touristically important areas of Iquitos) during the Amazonian fluvial dynamics in the flood and ebb cycle of the Itaya River. Data were collected through observations, interviews, photographs, and hand-drawings. The riverside neighborhoods of Belen show architectural qualities that are adaptable to river dynamics through three types of systems: fixed, pile, and floating. In addition, these neighborhoods are located along the course of six natural streams or 'caños' that redirect rainwater and wastewater into the Itaya River. The research shows that the urban configuration of the upper, middle, and lower zones undergoes adaptation processes in their commercial, cultural, and constructive dimensions due to the influence of the Itaya River. This social-spatial configuration is supported by the positive attitude of the residents of the Belen neighborhood toward the Amazonian river dynamics.