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Item type:Publication, The Intention of Indebtedness with a Credit Card, an Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour(Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research, 2020-03-10)The goal of this research is to study the factors that determine the intention of unsecured personal debt with credit cards using the Ajzen Planned Behavior Theory model (1991). Using the data of 450 Ecuadorian professionals and a model of structural equations estimated by partial least squares, the attitudes, subjective norms and perceived control that guide people towards the intention of this debt were identified. The importance of this study is its contribution to understanding the factors that determine the intention of personal indebtedness in emerging economies, expanding the study population to the professional sector. The transversal study has a quantitative design and its purpose is explanatory correlative. The hypothesis evidence and the results show that the Ajzen Planned Behavior Theory model (1991) is a predictive model of the intention to borrow by credit card in Ecuadorian professionals. The proposed model contributes with new individual and contextual factors that demonstrate the particular importance of knowledge of credit cards (CONTC), lifestyle (ESTV) and past behaviour (CPAS) in predicting the intention of debt (INTEND). Furthermore, due to the cultural characteristics of each region of Ecuador, the results are compared between the cities: Guayaquil (Costa) and Quito (Sierra). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Effect of salt substitution on community-wide blood pressure and hypertension incidence(Nature Research, 2020-03-01)Replacement of regular salt with potassium-enriched substitutes reduces blood pressure in controlled situations, mainly among people with hypertension. We report on a population-wide implementation of this strategy in a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial (NCT01960972). The regular salt in enrolled households was retrieved and replaced, free of charge, with a combination of 75% NaCl and 25% KCl. A total of 2,376 participants were enrolled in 6 villages in Tumbes, Peru. The fully adjusted intention-to-treat analysis showed an average reduction of 1.29 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (95% CI) (−2.17, −0.41)) in systolic and 0.76 mm Hg (95% CI (−1.39, −0.13)) in diastolic blood pressure. Among participants without hypertension at baseline, in the time- and cluster-adjusted model, the use of the salt substitute was associated with a 51% (95% CI (29%, 66%)) reduced risk of developing hypertension compared with the control group. In 24-h urine samples, there was no evidence of differences in sodium levels (mean difference 0.01; 95% CI (0.25, −0.23)), but potassium levels were higher at the end of the study than at baseline (mean difference 0.63; 95% CI (0.78, 0.47)). Our results support a case for implementing a pragmatic, population-wide, salt-substitution strategy for reducing blood pressure and hypertension incidence. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes(Cell Press, 2020-05-28)There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000–500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. Video Abstract: [Figure presented] Genome-wide data from 89 ancient humans illuminates the changes to the genetic landscape in the Central Andes over 9,000 years, revealing large-scale gene flow and cosmopolitan societies in the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Reacting to Change within Change: Adaptive Leadership and the Peruvian Response to Venezuelan Immigration(Wiley, 2020-09-09)Abstract Peru is the second most important destination country for Venezuelan emigration. The country’s policy response can be separated into two distinct phases: the first one, under former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (July 2016–March 2018), is characterized by relative openness; the second one, under incumbent president Martín Vizcarra (in office since March 2018), is characterized by policy closure and a shift towards securitization. In this paper, we apply the concept of adaptive leadership to explain the stark difference in the migration‐related governance of both presidents. We find that the policy shift can be explained by an interplay between three factors: an internal political crisis due to conflict between the executive and legislative branches of government; the change in number and social profiles of Venezuelan migrants, with a tendency towards lower social, economic and educational statuses; and the rise in xenophobic attitudes among the Peruvian population. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, How much local autonomy is good for a city? An analysis of the Peruvian constitutional design for cities and its effects in the case of the Lima Metropolitan Area(Springer, 2021-01-01)The decentralization reform that started in Peru in 2002, which divided the country into regions, provinces and districts, was initially regarded as a just and long-postponed project. However, while the constitution grants all local governments political, economic and administrative autonomy, the rapid population growth many cities have experienced since then calls for the reevaluation of the whole design. This is especially the case for the Lima Metropolitan Area, of which the population has more than doubled since the 1980s. This chapter analyses the effects that being divided into various autonomous districts can have for the governance of a metropolis. We argue that the division causes practical difficulties for reasons rooted in the Peruvian constitutional design, and that this fragmentation hinders the provision of public services, reduces long-term planning and may cause spending inefficiencies. A reexamination of this flawed constitutional design for its cities could be the first step for Peru to finally adapt to its new urban reality as well as to keep up with future changes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Efficacy of a spatial repellent for control of Aedes-borne virus transmission: a cluster randomized trial in Iquitos, Peru(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2021-03-05)Over half the world’s population is at risk for viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as, dengue and Zika. The primary vector, Aedes aegypti , thrives in urban environments. Despite decades of effort, cases and geographic range of Aedes -borne viruses (ABV) continue to expand. Rigorously proven vector control interventions that measure protective efficacy against ABV diseases is limited to Wolbachia in a single trial in Indonesia, and do not include any chemical intervention. Spatial repellents, a new option for efficient deployment, are designed to decrease human exposure to ABV by releasing active ingredients into the air that disrupt mosquito-human contact. A parallel, cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in Iquitos, Peru to quantify the impact of a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent on human ABV infection. From 2,907 households across 26 clusters (13 per arm), 1,578 participants were assessed for seroconversion (primary endpoint) by survival analysis. Incidence of acute disease was calculated among 16,683 participants (secondary endpoint). Adult mosquito collections were conducted to compare Ae. aegypti abundance, blood-fed rate and parity status through mixed effect difference-in-difference analyses. The spatial repellent significantly reduced ABV infection by 34·1% (1-sided 95% CI lower limit, 6·9%; 1-sided p-value=0·0236, z=1·98). Aedes aegypti abundance and blood-fed rates were significantly reduced by 28·6% (95% CI 24·1%, ∞); z=-9·11) and 12·4% (95% CI 4·2%, ∞); z=-2·43), respectively. Our trial provides the first conclusive statistical evidence from a pre-planned cluster randomized controlled clinical trial with a pre-defined effect size on the primary endpoint that was appropriate powered to prospectively quantify and statistically test for a difference in the impact of a chemical intervention, in this case a spatial repellent, to reduce the risk of ABV transmission compared to a placebo. Significance Statement Vector interventions are needed for Aedes -borne viral diseases (dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever) prevention, but their application is hindered by the lack of evidence proving they prevent infection or disease. Our research reports the first conclusive statistical evidence from a pre-planned, prospective cluster-randomized, controlled clinical trial (cRCT) of significant protective efficacy (34.1% hazard estimate) against human Aedes -borne virus (ABV) infection by a chemical-based vector control intervention, the most commonly used intervention category among all ABV World Health Organization recommendations. A previous trial against malaria in Indonesia indicated a positive trend but did not detect a significant effect. Results from our ABV study will help guide public health authorities responsible for operational management and world-wide prevention of ABV, and incentivize new strategies for disease prevention. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Peru – progress in health and sciences in 200 years of independence(Elsevier, 2021-12-20)Peru celebrates 200 years of independence in 2021. Over this period of independent life, and despite the turbulent socio-political scenarios, from internal armed conflict to economic crisis to political instability over the last 40 years, Peru has experienced major changes on its epidemiological and population health profile. Major advancements in maternal and child health as well as in communicable diseases have been achieved in recent decades, and today Peru faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases including mental health conditions. In terms of the configuration of the public health system, Peru has also strived to secure country-wide optimal health care, struggling in particular to improve primary health care and intercultural services. The science and technology infrastructure has also evolved, although the need for substantial investments remains if advancing science is to be a national priority. Climate change will also bring significant challenges to population health given Peru's geographical and microclimates diversity. Looking back over the 200-years of independence, we present a summary of key advances in selected health-related fields, thus serving as the basis for reflections on pending agendas and future challenges, in order to look forward to ensuring the future health and wellbeing of the Peruvian population. Resumen translated El Perú cumple 200 años de independencia en 2021. Durante estos dos siglos de vida independiente, junto con periodos sociales y políticos turbulentos, incluyendo un conflicto armado interno, hiperinflación y la inestabilidad política de los últimos 40 años, el Perú ha experimentado importantes cambios en su perfil epidemiológico con repercusiones directas en la salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, los indicadores de salud materno-infantil y de las enfermedades transmisibles muestran mejoría importante, pero el país se enfrenta de manera simultánea a una carga cada vez mayor de enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. En cuanto a los sistemas de salud pública, se han realizado esfuerzos por aumentar la cobertura y calidad de la atención de salud en todo el país, apostándose en particular por mejorar la atención primaria. La ciencia y tecnología relacionadas con la salud también han mejorado, aunque si se quiere que la ciencia sea una prioridad nacional, son necesarias inversiones sustanciales. El cambio climático traerá importantes desafíos para la salud de la población, dada la diversidad geográfica y de microclimas del país. Para conmemorar los 200 años de vida independiente del Perú, presentamos un resumen de avances clave en diversas áreas y temas relacionados con la salud. Este repaso sirve como base para reflexionar sobre agendas y desafíos pendientes y futuros, con el fin de asegurar la salud y el bienestar de la población peruana en las próximas décadas. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Effects of Human Population Density on Trophic Interactions Are Contingent Upon Latitude(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2023-08-23)Aim: Studies conducted at a global scale are necessary to make general conclusions on the effect of urbanization on trophic interactions and explore how these effects change along latitudinal gradients. Since biotic interactions are more intense at lower latitudes, we predict that the intensity of trophic interactions will decrease in response to urbanization (quantified by human population density), with higher impacts of urbanization at higher latitudes. Location: Global (881 study sites). Time period: 2000-2021. Major taxa studied: Birds, arthropods and woody plants. Methods: We compiled global data on insect herbivory and bird predation from individual studies using similar methodologies, and fitted generalized linear mixed models to test the effect of human population density, latitude and their interaction on these two response variables. Results: The intensity of herbivory and predation decreased with the increase of human population density at lower latitudes, remained unaffected at intermediate latitudes, and increased at higher latitudes. Main conclusions: The effect of human population density on insect herbivory and bird predation consistently varies across latitudes, with a reversal of the pattern at high versus low latitudes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Financial Inclusion in Peru: Appraisal and Perspectives(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2023-07-31)Financial inclusion is a relevant matter that is constantly being looked upon, given its influence in reducing poverty and enabling the low-income population to access financial products and services, thus improving their living condition. This research aims to analyze the evolution of financial inclusion in Peru during the last seven years (2016-2022);also, it takes into consideration information from secondary source databases, such as reports from the World Bank, the Superintendencia de Banca y Seguros, and the Banco Central de Reserva del Perú. The method used has a descriptive and explanatory design. The findings of the research provide evidence that 56% of the Peruvian population has access to financial services (64% in urban areas and 31% in rural areas), which falls below the goal of 75% set by the Peruvian government. This gap can be attributed to customer service costs, including in-person service or adequate infrastructure for better service (access limitations), and poor financial education (limiting broader usage). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Basic Concepts of Ecology Applied on the Neotropic Ecosystems(2023-01-01)This chapter revises the basic concepts of ecology with emphasis on ecosystems and species adaptations. It includes concepts of ecology applied to the study of ecosystems and describes their physical and biological structure. It studies biotic communities, populations, individual species, and their influence on biodiversity with emphasis on the neotropical environments.