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Item type:Publication, Peru(Elsevier, 2020-01-01)The large biodiversity of Peru presents many opportunities and challenges regarding proper characterization of plant and animal toxins. In addition, there are naturally occurring sources of heavy metals that raise some concerns. Man-made activities such as illegal mining activities, lead in paint and combustibles commercialized until 2004, agricultural overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, urban particulate pollution from aging cars, and improperly disposed residues from urban waste, fisheries, and the metal-mechanic industry represent hotspots of concern regarding occupational and population-wide exposures. Most regulation is coordinated by the Ministry of Environment or the Ministry of Health. One undergraduate and one graduate degree in Toxicology is offered by Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Peruvian efforts to contain COVID-19 fail to protect vulnerable population groups(Elsevier, 2020-11-01)Peru is arguably providing a robust governmental response in the initial stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, with early lockdown measures and the implementation of relatively ambitious economic safety nets to protect families and enterprises. Despite this initial optimism, structural deficiencies in the public health system, high informality in the labor market, the new wave of migrants from Venezuela and the extremely diverse cultural characteristics of many areas exacerbate the number of potentially highly vulnerable groups that may be left out of these safety nets unless additional efforts are enforced to improve social coverage. In this discussion we aim to identify some of these groups, highlighting the main challenges they face during the outbreak and proposing certain mitigation measures to balance the social policy response. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Maize and dietary change in early Peruvian civilization: Isotopic evidence from the Late Preceramic Period/Initial Period site of La Galgada, Peru(Elsevier, 2020-06-01)The Late Preceramic Period (3000–1700 BCE) and Initial Period (1700–800 BCE) in Peru was a time of emergent social complexity as illustrated by the construction of ceremonial architecture and permanent settlements. A long-standing debate centers on the nature of the subsistence economies that supported this incipient complexity. Though some scholars consider maize to have been an agricultural staple at this time, a growing body of archaeological research indicates that the use of maize spread irregularly throughout Peru and did not become a dietary staple until sometime after c. 800 cal BCE. Using stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of human bone and dentine, together with radiocarbon dating, this study estimates dietary composition, as well as changing subsistence strategies among 32 individuals interred within the ceremonial center of La Galgada (2300–1300 cal BCE). Our data suggests that maize was not a dietary staple in either the Late Preceramic or the Initial (1700–800 cal BCE) Period occupations at La Galgada. Instead the modeled diet (SIAR Mixing Model) suggests a continued reliance on locally available food sources (i.e. primarily C3, legumes and grazing fauna). This finding combined with archaeological evidence indicates that diet remained relatively similar during the site's occupation. Three radiocarbon dates generated for this study also indicate the re-use of La Galgada as a cemetery during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP) (1150–1450 cal CE). Diet during the LIP exhibits a significant change, with a decrease in the proportion of C3 and legumes and an increase in the proportion of meat. This study highlights the utility of mixing models to reconstruct past human diet, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of potential differences in the proportions of food types over time. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Living behind symbolic and concrete barriers of total institutions: Reflections on the transition between domestic symbolic patriarchal imprisonment and co-governed, state-sponsored incarceration in Perú(Queensland University of Technology, 2020-07-27)This article seeks to analyse the paradox of freedom and imprisonment, reflecting on the connections between and nuances of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) and women's imprisonment in the Global South, particularly in Perú. The story follows Maria, a woman serving a 14-year sentence for the homicide of her husband, an act she committed after experiencing 20 years of psychological and physical abuse. I have chosen to focus on her ambivalence towards her experience of IPVA, using Goffman's (1961) concept of the 'total institution'; I suggest that Maria was living under a patriarchal and symbolic total institution, a prison-like home (Avni 1991). Following this, while imprisoned for the homicide of her husband, Maria was physically incapacitated in a co-governed, patriarchal, nation-state prison. Nevertheless, simultaneously, in this custodial setting, she found a semi-autonomous path to reinforce her sense of agency and to construct interpersonal relationships that have enabled her to question the preceding patriarchal norms. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, An interdisciplinary approach to identify zones vulnerable to earthquakes(Elsevier, 2020-09-01)Earthquakes in Peru are responsible for enormous material and human losses. One of the reasons for the latter is that risk and disaster management policies do not consider individuals as a significant factor for planning post-disaster activities. An understanding of all-important aspects that influence post-disaster efforts would reduce the number of dead, injured and affected people as well as the required money and time to invest. This research develops an interdisciplinary approach, based on seismic vulnerability, to identify those zones that need immediate attention after an earthquake. We consider vulnerability to be a result of two dimensions: social and physical. The first describes society by its anthropogenic characteristics through social indicators (age, daily income, education, etc.). The second describes the built environment and the main features of infrastructure. The results show that the physical and social dimensions intersect and interact with fairly consistent regularity. Thus, we are then able to more accurately identify the areas that require higher prioritization in an emergency scenario. Having this data available for regions predisposed to earthquakes will allow for substantial improvements to current risk mitigation action plans as well as the promotion of a more comprehensive prevention effort. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The importance of confidence, complacency, and convenience for influenza vaccination among key risk groups in large urban areas of Peru(Taylor & Francis, 2020-08-04)Influenza vaccination has been available under Peru's national immunization program since 2008, but vaccination coverage has decreased lately. Surveys and focus groups were conducted among four risk groups (pregnant women, mothers of children aged <6 years, adults with risk factors, and adults aged ≥65 years) to identify factors affecting influenza vaccine hesitancy in Peru. The 3Cs model (Confidence, Complacency, and Convenience) was used as a conceptual framework for the study. Most pregnant women and mothers of young children (70.0%), but less than half (46.3%) of older adults and adults with risk factors were vaccinated against influenza. Vaccine confidence and complacency were positively associated with educational level. Complacency was the most deficient of the 3Cs. Pregnant women and mothers were the most informed and least complacent among risk groups. Focus groups revealed the misconceptions behind the high level of complacency observed, including the perception of influenza risk and the role assigned to vaccination in preventing the disease. Interviews with officials identified that most strategies are directed to vaccination availability and hence to convenience, with opportunities for strategies to improve vaccination uptake and community engagement. The results highlight the importance of implementing in Peru communication strategies to increase perceptions of vaccine safety and effectiveness thus improving confidence and reducing complacency. The establishment of explicit incentives should also be considered to increase vaccination uptake, particularly to health personnel. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Business ethics crisis and social sustainability. The case of the product "Pura Vida" in Peru(MDPI, 2020-04-01)Peru is a Latin American country with one of the most powerful and dynamic emerging economies in the world; however, it reveals considerable inconsistencies and socioeconomic inequalities. This research demonstrates that business ethics and corporate social responsibility are closely related with the welfare state of the country/region where a company is incorporated. Research work has been carried out on the case of the product "Pura Vida", of the Gloria Company, implementing a mixed research method (documentary, quan and qual) in which a descriptive collection of data from different sources, in relation to the company and the crisis with Pura Vida milk, has been used; additionally, an ad hoc survey has been conducted on a sample of Peruvian citizens to know their insight in relation to the relevant aspects of business ethics and corporate responsibility and their opinion regarding the specific case being investigated; finally, in-depth interviews were held with the company's management staff. It is shown that without a certain degree of welfare state, it is difficult to implement ethics and social responsibility in companies and in society as a whole. In addition, the main concerns of Peruvians regarding ethics and social responsibility can be observed. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Implementing a Group-Specific Multidimensional Poverty Measure: The Case of Persons with Disabilities in Peru(Routledge, 2020-10-01)We contribute to the literature on multidimensional poverty and people with disabilities by developing a group-specific, comprehensive, and policy-relevant measure of multidimensional poverty adapted to exploring deprivations within the group of persons with disabilities in Peru. Based on the Alkire-Foster method, we calculated multidimensional poverty estimates using data from the first Specialised National Survey on Disability in Peru collected in 2012. Our measure included eight dimensions, four of which were operationalised using disability-specific indicators, of which, in turn, three involved deprivation criteria specific to different categories of disability. Our results showed that 41.1% of the population with disabilities in Peru suffer deprivations in at least three out of the eight dimensions, whereas rural populations, women, indigenous peoples, persons with severe disabilities, and persons with communication disabilities face the highest levels of poverty. Additionally, we identified rural indigenous women as the poorest subgroup within the overall group of persons with disabilities in Peru with a poverty incidence of 88.1%. Our results suggested that eradicating multidimensional poverty among persons with disabilities in Peru will involve implementing reasonable accommodations to existing policies and creating new disability-specific policies focused on the poorest subgroups within this population.Scopus© Citations 15 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Perceived Social Support, School Adaptation and Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being(Springer, 2020-10-01)Positive psychology has promoted well-being research in adolescents. However, there is not enough research about the determinants of well-being at school. Specifically, the determinants of academic performance have been investigated in depth, to the detriment of the determinants of subjective well-being. Research in this area highlights the importance of social support received, and school adaptation. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies on perceived support, students’ adaptation and their subjective well-being in complex multivariate models. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the perceived social support from different sources (parents, teachers and friends) on adolescents’ subjective well-being, mediated by their school adaptation, in a sample of 1035 students in the city of Lima. An a priori structural model with latent variables was tested, with a reasonable, but not excellent fit. According to modification indexes, there was a strong link of family support on well-being, and therefore, this new direct effect was added in order to improve model fit. This final model predicts well-being with three social support measures. This association is partially mediated by school adjustment and academic achievement, while controlling for age and gender. Each source of support influences aspects of the school context differently. School adjustment had a relevant mediational role in the relationship among social support sources and well-being. In addition, women and younger students showed better school adaptation and subjective well-being. These results show the importance of working in promoting education that pursues the happiness of the students, not only the academic qualifications. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Comparison of different methods for consideration of multifunctionality of Peruvian dairy cattle in Life Cycle Assessment(Elsevier, 2020-10-01)In Andean dairy systems, livestock generates a daily income through the sale of milk and cheese but also fulfils other roles which are crucial for rural livelihoods such as the contribution of protein to local diets, the provision of draught power and organic fertilizer, the reduction of economic risk and the accrual of savings. The objective of this study was to compare different approaches to cope with multifunctionality of livestock in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Based on local data from a smallholder dairy production system in the Southern Peruvian Andes environmental impacts of 1 kg energy corrected milk (ECM) were calculated with LCA methodology considering nine livestock functions: production of dairy products (1) and meat (2) for the market, production of milk for family consumption (3) and as food for calves (4), provision of organic fertilizer (5) and draught power (6), role as savings asset (7), risk insurance (8) and part of family tradition (9). Impacts were distributed among these functions using different methodological approaches: NA, no allocation; EM, economic allocation to market products; ET, economic allocation to all livestock functions; FP, allocation according to farmers´ perception and SE, system expansion (substitution). The results varied considerably depending on the method used. 1 kg of ECM contributed to global warming with 1.65, 1.38, 1.25, 0.71 and 0.89 kg CO2-equivalents using mehods NA, EM, ET, FP and SE, respectively. Similar patterns were observed for acidification and eutrophication potentials. Enteric fermentation was the main source of greenhouse gases whereas eutrophication and acidification potentials were determined by alfalfa pasture management. The results of the study showed that: (i) LCA results are highly sensitive to the number and types of livestock functions considered and the allocation criteria applied, (ii) that the economic value of livestock functions does not necessarily reflect their importance for rural livelihoods and (iii) that the application of system expansion/substitution to livestock systems is limited due to lacking equivalency of functions and products from alternative production systems.