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    The professionalization of football during the revolutionary government of the armed forces in Peru (1968-1975)
    (Universidad de los Andes, Bogota ColombiaCalle 1 No. 18 A-12 Edificio Franco GB-417BogotaAU106res@uniandes.edu.co, 2020-04-01)
    Objective/Context: This article analyzes the professionalization of soccer in Peru during the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, first phase (1968-1975). Originality: This research contributes to the history of sport in Latin America and shows how sport was an arena for political dispute between the reformist military government and football club owners, who were characterized by their patrimonialist approach to club management. This perspective challenges approaches that see the military’s intervention on sports as exemplifying relations of mere manipulation. Methodology: The analysis focuses on the patrimonialist management practices of football club owners in Peru and how these were challenged by the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces. The sources used include newspaper archives, interviews with former professional football club managers during the period 1968-1975, the set of decrees issued at that time to regulate sports, and secondary literature. Conclusions: The professionalization of football was the main strategy used by the Government to break the practices of patrimonial control over football clubs in Peru. This process was part of a broader reformist political project by the military, which sought to transform the traditional structures of Peruvian society. The intervention involved three mechanisms: the promotion of amateur sports, the reformulation of professional soccer tournament rules and the granting of labor rights and managerial functions to soccer players.
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    Outsourcing the nation? Musical collaboration, nation building and neo-liberal logics in Coke Studio Pakistan
    (Intellect, 2022-08-01)
    Coke Studio Pakistan is a decade-long music reality show featuring collaborations between pop, classical and local folk musicians. Sponsored by Coca-Cola and displaying a state-of-the-art production, it aims to bring local and old-school musicians and repertories to the Pakistani urban youth while disseminating a positive image of Pakistan. This occurs in the context of the efforts of Pakistani entrepreneurs and artists towards their insertion into the global market while overcoming the country’s negative international reputation due to religious violence. This article analyses Coke Studio Pakistan under the lens of neo-liberal nationalism, characterizing it as a nation-branding effort that uses music to make a representation of Pakistan that complies with Coca-Cola’s corporate goals and with the agendas of a sector of Pakistani artists. A quantitative and network analysis of the show reveals which artists, genres, regions and cultural groups the show privileges or overlooks. A qualitative study of the show’s communicational strategy and of the discourses of its creators and sponsors complements the quantitative analysis. This article explores the complexities of a nationalist model of multicultural citizenship promoted by the private sector, including issues of cultural representation, corporate agendas, class relationships, responsiveness to audiences’ demands and international politics.
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    La prefectura y las subprefecturas ayacuchanas como artífices del nacionalismo ante el litigio fronterizo entre Perú y Ecuador (1910)
    (Universidad de Los Andes, 2025-01-10)
    Context/objective: The border conflict between Peru and Ecuador (1910) over the definition of their frontiers fueled the Peruvian nationalism that emerged in the nineteenth century. The trigger was a series of clashes at the Consulate and the Legate's Office of Peru in Ecuador between March and May 1910. In the following pages, we will analyze the role of local and regional political bodies (prefectura and subprefecturas of the Andean region of Ayacucho) in the exaltation of nationalism used to collect resources and the “blood contingent” for the war. Methodology: We use discourse and documentary analysis of telegrams and memos sent from and to the prefectura and subprefecturas of Ayacucho. Originality: The role played by local authorities in constructing Peruvian nationalism has not been sufficiently addressed; however, it is of great importance since it allows us to understand the homogenizing effort of the nascent State and its multiple contradictions. Conclusions: We will note how the nationalism imposed by regional and local governments was accepted in theory. However, it was pretty diminished among citizens of all social sectors when it was needed to swell the troops.
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