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Item type:Publication, From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020-08-16)Abstract Background The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru’s capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. We aim to produce the first characterization of bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. Results We report a higher diversity in bacterial communities from the Upper and, especially, Middle Rimac compared to the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone). Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility, quorum sensing and xenobiotics metabolism. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence natural flavonoids and antibiotics in the Upper Rimac, and herbicides in the Lower Rimac. Conclusions The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus , an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, but that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Changes in spatial inequality and residential segregation in metropolitan Lima(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-01-01)Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, How much local autonomy is good for a city? An analysis of the Peruvian constitutional design for cities and its effects in the case of the Lima Metropolitan Area(Springer, 2021-01-01)The decentralization reform that started in Peru in 2002, which divided the country into regions, provinces and districts, was initially regarded as a just and long-postponed project. However, while the constitution grants all local governments political, economic and administrative autonomy, the rapid population growth many cities have experienced since then calls for the reevaluation of the whole design. This is especially the case for the Lima Metropolitan Area, of which the population has more than doubled since the 1980s. This chapter analyses the effects that being divided into various autonomous districts can have for the governance of a metropolis. We argue that the division causes practical difficulties for reasons rooted in the Peruvian constitutional design, and that this fragmentation hinders the provision of public services, reduces long-term planning and may cause spending inefficiencies. A reexamination of this flawed constitutional design for its cities could be the first step for Peru to finally adapt to its new urban reality as well as to keep up with future changes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Quantification of the benefits derived from the nature-based solutions in the very arid and densified urban context of metropolitan Lima(University of São Paulo, 2022-11-21)Increasing the proportion of local vegetated surfaces within the highly densified context of Lima, Peru is considered a key local strategy of sustainable development. However, it may experience limitations as it could exacerbate water stress in the city. Therefore, quantifying the scale of benefits derived from local vegetated surfaces, mainly in terms of sensitivity to water use and urban temperature regulation, is necessary to optimize the management of water use for its preservation. The application of the international tool, Green Area Ratio at the local level, could contribute so that the increase in the proportion of vegetated surfaces in Lima considers a multifunctional sense to improve urban quality in different social, urban and environmental aspects.The results show that in order to be applied in the arid context of Lima, the tool would require adaptation, mainly of the scoring system, especially high values commonly assigned by foreign versions to some vegetated-based systems. This would make the version of the Green Area Ratio suggested for Lima in this study a novel and unique system, which demands further deeper research. However, it can be used as a preliminary framework based on scientific evidence, in case its official application is considered to support local sustainability guidelines and/or quality improvement plans for green areas. Its application could strengthen the implementation of multifunctional vegetable surfaces and nature-based solutions adapted to the aridity of the context.