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Living Costs and Real Wages in Nineteenth Century Lima: Levels and International Comparisons
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2020-07-01)
This article provides new evidence on salaries and living standards of low-skilled workers in Lima in 1825–73. During this period, low-skilled workers in Lima could cover their basic needs. Real salaries increased in the early-1830s, but declined in the following decades. Real salaries declined during the Guano Era in spite of the commercial bonanza. An international comparison shows that Lima had lower living standards than Northern Europe and Australia, but higher than Asia. In most of the nineteenth century, Peru and other Latin American economies had higher welfare ratios than China, India, and Japan.
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Economic growth, nutrition and living standards in 19th century Lima: new estimates of welfare ratios using a linear programming model
(Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. Jose Maria Luis Mora, 2021-01-01)
This study relies on a linear programming model to estimate welfare ratios in 19th century Lima. By using a linear programming model, the food basket guarantees the intake of basic nutrients at the minimum cost. The subsistence cost includes the cost of food and other basic needs. The estimates show that low-skilled workers in Lima were able to cover their basic needs in 1800-1875. The results also show that living standards of low-skilled workers declined during the Guano Era. Living standards in Lima, however, compared favorably to several cities in Europe.
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Changes in spatial inequality and residential segregation in metropolitan Lima
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-01-01)
Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings.
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Vulnerabilities and exposure of recent informal urban areas in Lima, Peru
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10-01)
Urban areas are experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by significant disorder in Lima Metropolitan area and many other cities in South America. Due to decades of uncontrolled construction practices, it is imperative to identify and better understand the types of informalities prevalent in these recent urban areas. Addressing this lack of information is crucial for implementing appropriate countermeasures and developing new policies that benefit the communities residing in such areas. It is worth noting that understanding disaster risk aligns with the first priority of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In this study, we propose the use of radar satellite imagery recorded by the Sentinel-1 constellation since 2017 to identify clusters of urban growth in Lima Metropolitan area. Then, the informal urban clusters can be depicted by visual inspection of the last recorded high-resolution optical image. With good spatial and temporal resolution, we identified 25 clusters informal areas. Among our findings, we observed that several of these clusters are situated in landfills comprised of construction and other waste, increasing their vulnerability to debris flow, landslides, and earthquakes. Additionally, we noted that some new urban areas mainly consist of temporarily empty houses, highlighting the feasibility of implementing countermeasures, such as relocations, in the early stages of informal occupation. These results underscore the significant contribution of satellite radar imagery in identifying recent informal urban areas.
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The Nation on the Corners: The politics of street-naming in Lima during the second half of the nineteenth century
(Cambridge University Press, 2024-05-01)
Recent studies on the figuration of the nation in nineteenth-century Hispanic America have used sophisticated analyses of different media to suggest that Indigenous references were progressively excluded from urban public space as national symbols. In these spaces, the creole authorities placed themselves and their ancestors centre stage. However, these studies have neglected a highly representative medium: street names. This article demonstrates that street nomenclature was key in figuring the nation in a capital city and shows a different trend from that established using other media. Specifically, after the 1861 municipal reform of street names in Lima, Peru, the majority of official names were Indigenous and did not celebrate creole or military elites. This article examines this reform and the conflicts it provoked.
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Preliminary System for the Estimation of Peak Ground Acceleration Distribution in Metropolitan Lima and Callao: Application in Recent Seismic Events
(Fuji Technology Press, 2023-06-01)
The conjunction of seismic records and site effect parameters can lead to the adequate estimation of seismic indexes in urban areas. In this regard, this study uses the map of soil amplification factors obtained in previous studies and the availability of time history waveforms at different locations throughout Metropolitan Lima and Callao to estimate the geospa-tial distribution of maximum values of horizontal acceleration after the occurrence of earthquakes. Results for three earthquakes of intermediate magnitude and distinct epicenter locations are publicly available in an online system created within the frame-work of this study (Amaru Peru) and showed that am-plified motions could be mainly observed in the low-lands of populated slopes as well as in the eolian sandy deposits.
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Foreign Traders in South America and the Financing of the Independence Wars, 1820-1830
(Universitat de Barcelona, Facultad de Economia y Empresa, 2023-01-09)
Studying commerce and traders from a global perspective allows us to analyze the material and cultural exchanges that took place beyond national borders, which are often obscured by traditional historical perspectives centered on the nation. This wide terrain is explored here by addressing — and visualizing — the interrelations between the South American ports of Lima, Valparaíso and Buenos Aires, from the vantage point of independent Peru. To do so, we study the links among foreign merchants who were rooted or closely connected to such ports in the context of the South American wars of independence. War placed Peru in a disastrous economic situation, a circumstance that foreign merchants exploited by becoming the main lenders to the new State, which struggled to cover the expenses of the army to sustain the war. These businessmen created a mercantile network that bridged the boundaries of the recently created nation-states and testified to their great business skills as it broke the economic system of commercial control that had prevailed during three hundred years. Research in Peruvian Governmental, Notary, and Customs documentation unveils their ability to act as agents, negotiate loans and purchases, and take advantage of the wartime crisis to become the main providers of weaponry and military supplies and acquire a privileged position. Since South America was not prepared to reach its independence in the early 19th century without an army, without money, or without weaponry, the nascent states’ economic and financial dependence on foreign traders that started during these times was in a sense inevitable.
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Building Common Understandings of Urban Inequalities to Generate Relevant Solutions in Lima, Peru
(SAGE Publishing, 2023-01-06)
In this article, we analyse the structural causes of inequality in Lima – beginning with a review of the historical context – to propose a multidimensional approach to urban inequality. We discuss spatial, public-institutional and political-social fragmentation and how these factors contribute to the reproduction of urban inequality. We supplement this discussion by describing two initiatives that contributed to the creation of a collective understanding of inequality and strategies to deal with it. First, we worked with marginalized social groups promoting collective care practices to address food insecurity resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with this, we developed a National Housing and Urban Planning Policy with the Peruvian Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation that included a definition of urban inequality and the creation of an index for urban inequality. In each case, we discuss the difficulties faced, whether by citizens or the state, in trying to reach relevant solutions to address inequalities.
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The impact of the Peruvian Ollas Comunes´ (OCs) resource barriers on vulnerable beneficiaries
(Taylor & Francis, 2025-08-27)
Peru has the highest food insecurity in South America. Ollas Comunes (OCs) are self-managed food pantries organized by mothers. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the OCs' resource barriers on their beneficiaries. Data were collected from 445 main OCs in Metropolitan Lima between 2020 and 2021. A negative binomial regression approach was applied to food rations and the number of children, elderly, pregnant women, and people with chronic disease who attended the OCs. The outcomes may be used by governments to enhance the base framework of OCs to improve the food security of their beneficiaries.
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From Capital City to National Government: The Failure of the Peruvian Left
(Springer International Publishing, 2025-01-01)
In several Latin American countries, amid the so-called “left turn,” progressive forces forged, from the subnational level, a path that allowed them to gain legitimacy, accumulate political and executive experience, and reach the national government. In this context the Peruvian case is striking, as a deviant or negative case: Although Lima’s voters elected Susana Villarán —for the center-left Fuerza Social party— as mayor of Lima in 2010, her failure meant that the Peruvian Left could not follow a similar course to that which followed many other countries in the region. Here we argue that the failure of Villarán’s administration (2010–2014) is a consequence of the underestimation of her adversaries, overestimation of her political support and her administrative capabilities, and woeful political management expressed in a dearth of priorities. Villarán ended her term saddled with very low approval levels, a position of political isolation, a reputation for inefficiency, and estrangement from the popular sectors. Worse still, in 2019, Villarán admitted to having received illegal political financing from Brazilian construction companies during her administration, such that she ended up marked not only by the stigma of inefficiency but that of corruption too.
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