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Item type:Publication, Digital inclusion across the Americas and the Caribbean(Cogitatio Press, 2020-01-01)This research brings together digital inequality scholars from across the Americas and Caribbean to examine efforts to tackle digital inequality in Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States, and Canada. As the case studies show, governmental policy has an important role to play in reducing digital disparities, particularly for potential users in rural or remote areas, as well as populations with great economic disparities. We find that public policy can effectively reduce access gaps when it combines the trifecta of network, device, and skill provision, especially through educational institutions. We also note, that urban populations have benefitted from digital inclusion strategies to a greater degree. This underscores that, no matter the national context, rural-urban digital inequality (and often associated economic inequality) is resistant to change. Even when access is provided, potential users may not find it affordable, lack skills, and/or see no benefit in adoption. We see the greatest potential for future digital inclusion in two related approaches: 1) initiatives that connect with hard-to-reach, remote, and rural communities outside urban cores and 2) initiatives that learn from communities about how best to provide digital resources while respecting their diversely situated contexts, while meeting social, economic and political needs. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ageing unequally in Europe(Oxford University Press, 2020-09-11)Abstract To shed light on the quality of the ageing experience in Europe and its heterogeneity, this study adapts and computes the Active Ageing Index—an index constructed at the country level to monitor ageing quality in Europe—at the individual level. This strategy allows the measuring of inequality in the experience of active ageing and is flexible enough to consider different value judgements in the overall assessment of the quality of life while ageing. The study examines the predictors of this inequality by using regressions with a Gini-recentred influence function. It finds that education plays a very significant role in reducing inequality, though its influence varies across countries. Furthermore, the study uncovers large variance in the quality of the ageing experience across Europe. For instance, more than 50% of the populations of Romania, Lithuania and Bulgaria show a level of active ageing quality lower than that of the bottom decile of the distribution in Sweden. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Choice of pension management fees and effects on pension wealth(Elsevier, 2020-08-01)To shed light on the effects of individual choice on pension wealth, we study a policy change to the management fees of pension funds implemented by Peru's government in 2013. The reform established a new balance fee as a default option; this fee is calculated as a percentage of the pension balance. Each individual had the initial option of keeping the previous management fee, a load factor fee calculated as a percentage of the individual's salary. We use administrative data to simulate pension balances based on the individual's choice of fee and the corresponding counterfactual. Our results indicate that the reform has been potentially adverse to 63.1% of individuals, of whom 41.4% were assigned to the default option and 21.7% voluntarily chose the load fee. These results reflect both the potentially negative unintended effects of the policy and an alarming lack of financial literacy among citizens. We also detect heterogeneity in the intensity of the losses and gains due to the reform, which caused greater losses than gains. In particular, younger and poorer individuals, as well as those automatically assigned to the balance fee, experienced higher losses. Moreover, the new fee scheme is also associated with increasing inequality between individuals’ pension wealth. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Changes in spatial inequality and residential segregation in metropolitan Lima(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-01-01)Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The quality of society(Springer International Publishing, 2021-09-16)This book articulates a unified theory of capitalism as an attempt to provide a comprehensive scientific theory of this social system. A unified theory of capitalism is not the combination of the predominant economic theories-neoclassical, classical, and Keynesian-so as to make them compatible. It is not a composite economic theory. It is a new economic theory. Predictions of the theory's models were consistent with eight basic empirical regularities of capitalism dealing with economic growth, income inequality, employment level, and environment degradation. Therefore, the unified theory can be accepted as a good approximation of the real capitalist world. But the models were constructed at a high level of abstraction. Also problematic was the need to work out more fully the public policy implications of the theory. It is, therefore, no wonder that essays on the unified theory to answer these questions are a natural outcome of a new scientific endeavor attempting to reach a unity of knowledge in economics. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Introduction to unified theory of capitalism(Springer International Publishing, 2021-09-16)This essay is an introduction to unified theory of capitalism. It is intended to make the essays of the book more accessible. In the first part, the chapter presents the epistemological principles of economics and then the primary assumptions of the unified theory, its empirical predictions, and the consistency of predictions with facts. Thus it is shown that indeed the unified theory is a good representation of the real-world capitalism. The second part of the chapter compares, based on epistemological criteria, the traits of the unified theory with those of the prevailing economic theories, namely, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian. On epistemological grounds, the unified theory appears to be superior as it can explain facts that the other theories also can, but explains additional facts that the others cannot. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Inequality, power relations, and democracy(Springer International Publishing, 2021-09-16)In the post-World War II period, capitalism has been characterized by rapid economic growth, but accompanied by social maladies as side effects. This has been the growth age of capitalism, as growth rates of output per capita have been higher than ever. The basic social maladies include income inequality, social disorder, and environment degradation. Today's social maladies are also higher than ever. This outcome is certainly a paradox in a democratic society. The unified theory of capitalism supplies an explanation: The outcome reflects the power relations under which democratic capitalism operates. Given this striking finding, this essay summarizes the foundations of the unified theory and the epistemological justification of its findings, and then elaborates further on the explanation. The ultimate factor explaining the outcome of growth with social maladies in the capitalist system, taken by parts and taken as a whole, is the initial inequality. Societies that are very unequal by birth can hardly attain social progress. The initial inequality is truly a curse. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Effects of the pandemic on academic women in Latin America(IntechOpen, 2022-10-19)The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has brought us a serious global economic, health and social crisis. In this context, there has been an increase in the inequality between men and women around the world. In this situation of home confinement, uncertainty, stress and fear, women have been the most affected, regardless of their level of education. In the case of women academics, they have experienced an overload of remote work, but also an increase in the household chores and other activities such as the care of older adults and school teaching of their minor children. The greatest impacts on the perception were the lack of gender equity (SDG 5) and, therefore, the increase of the gender inequality gap (SDG 10) during the pandemic in Latin America (LA). - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Moral expansiveness around the world: the role of societal factors across 36 countries(SAGE Publishing, 2022-07-04)What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multi-national exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found low generalized trust, greater perceptions of a breakdown in the social fabric of society, and greater perceived economic inequality were associated with smaller moral circles. Generalized trust also helped explain the effects of perceived inequality on lower levels of moral inclusiveness. Other inequality indicators (i.e., Gini coefficients) were, however, unrelated to moral expansiveness. These findings suggest that societal factors, especially those associated with generalized trust, may influence the size of our moral circles.
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