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Item type:Publication, From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2020-08-16)Abstract Background The Rimac river is the main source of water for Lima, Peru’s capital megacity. The river is constantly affected by different types of contamination including mine tailings in the Andes and urban sewage in the metropolitan area. We aim to produce the first characterization of bacterial communities in the Rimac river using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing approach which would be useful to identify bacterial diversity and potential understudied pathogens. Results We report a higher diversity in bacterial communities from the Upper and, especially, Middle Rimac compared to the Lower Rimac (Metropolitan zone). Samples were generally grouped according to their geographical location. Bacterial classes Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Campylobacteria, Fusobacteriia, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most frequent along the river. Arcobacter cryaerophilus (Campylobacteria) was the most frequent species in the Lower Rimac while Flavobacterium succinicans (Bacteroidia) and Hypnocyclicus (Fusobacteriia) were the most predominant in the Upper Rimac. Predicted metabolic functions in the microbiota include bacterial motility, quorum sensing and xenobiotics metabolism. Additional metabolomic analyses showed the presence natural flavonoids and antibiotics in the Upper Rimac, and herbicides in the Lower Rimac. Conclusions The dominance in the Metropolitan area of Arcobacter cryaerophilus , an emergent pathogen associated with fecal contamination and antibiotic multiresistance, but that is not usually reported in traditional microbiological quality assessments, highlights the necessity to apply next-generation sequencing tools to improve pathogen surveillance. We believe that our study will encourage the integration of omics sciences in Peru and its application on current environmental and public health issues. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Climate Change, Vulnerability, Social Conflicts and Human Displacement in the Andes: The case of Huaytapallana Glacier(2020-06-11)The objective of this review was to identify the links between Climate Change, Vulnerability, Social Conflicts and Human Displacement in the Andes. The different factors that influence the vulnerability of people and communities are analyzed, such as the diversity of the impacts of climate change, the retreat of glaciers, the loss of biological diversity, health, agricultural production and scenarios with the presence of water scarcity. Adaptive behaviors are observed in the inhabitants of Andean communities, but they are not sufficient, because in many occasions people are forced to migrate to other cities. Five ways of responding to climate risks or hazards are suggested: 1) reduction and control of global warming, 2) adaptation to conditions resulting from climate change, 3) resistance, 4) mitigation, and 5) involuntary displacement. Finally, it concludes by stating that there is an intricate link between global warming, climate change, vulnerability and social conflicts, and that migration is a product of climate change. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and stunting in children under 5 years in Peru: a double-difference analysis(Elsevier, 2020-04-01)Background The 1997–98 El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was one of the most important natural disasters in 20th century Peru, associated with heavy rainfall and flooding. It affected 502 000 people, ruined 944 km of roads, and damaged 580 health centres and 956 schools. Almost a quarter of all people affected (23%) came from Piura, in the northwest of Peru. In this study, we assessed the association between the 1997–98 ENSO and growth stunting in children younger than 5 years on Peru's north coast. Methods We analysed Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, from 1996 and 2000, using a double-difference approach. Our primary outcome was childhood growth stunting, and our exposure was the ENSO phenomenon. The exposed group was from Peru's Piura coast, and the unexposed group was from southern coastal regions, which were less affected by the events associated with ENSO 1997–98. First, we conducted a regional comparison. Secondly, we used propensity score matching (PSM) to explore similarities between the exposed and non-exposed groups. We then estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of childhood growth stunting using generalised linear models. Finally, we conducted a subanalysis by childhood age. Findings We studied 2270 and 1349 children younger than 5 years from 1996 and 2000, respectively. Regression without matching showed a PR of 1·37 (95% CI 0·93–2·01), and a PSM regression 1-to-2 PR of 1·45 (0·66–3·18), obtaining a PR greater than 1 but with a confidence interval that included the null value. Furthermore, we found a possible effect on children aged 0–11 months. In the regressions without PSM, analysis for this age group showed a PR of 2·48 (1·11–5·54); whereas, after PSM 1-to-2, the PR was 2·69 (1·03–7·03); alternative PSM was also consistent with these results. Analysis of the other age groups yielded results that were not statistically significant. Interpretation Our results suggest that the ENSO phenomenon could have increased childhood stunting on the coast of Piura. More specifically, children who were aged 0 to 11 months during the worst and most disruptive period of the El Niño phenomenon were at increased risk of growth stunting. Our results were consistent with and without PSM. Factors that might have contributed to our results include increased childhood morbidity with concurrent reductions in maternal and familial access to health care, and diminished household incomes due to El Niño's devastating effects during the disaster period. Our findings outline a need to prevent harm to people and their health during weather and natural events associated with ENSO. Specifically, there is a need for childhood-focused social protection systems, especially during critical stages of growth and development. Childhood-focused social protection and delivery systems will be instrumental in preventing downstream effects of similar climatic events. Funding Fogarty 2D43 TW007393. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Chankillo solar observatory and ceremonial centre: a heritage for the world(Springer International Publishing, 2021-01-01) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Changes in spatial inequality and residential segregation in metropolitan Lima(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-01-01)Since the 2000s, Lima city shows important changes in its socio-spatial structure, decreasing the long-established opposition between the centre and the periphery, developing a more complex arrangement. Sustained national economic growth has allowed better socio-economic conditions in different areas of the city. However, high inequality still remains in the ways of production of urban space, which affects residential segregation. To identify possible changes in the segregation patterns of Metropolitan Lima, this study focuses on the spatial patterns of occupational groups, examining their causes and relation with income inequality. The analysis is based on the 1993 and 2007 census data, measuring residential segregation by the Dissimilarity Index, comparing with the Diversity Index. The results confirm trends towards increased segregation between occupational groups. Top occupational groups are concentrated in central areas, expanding into adjacent districts. Bottom occupational groups are over-represented in distant neighbourhoods. In-between, a new, more mixed, transitional zone has emerged in upgraded formerly low-income neighbourhoods. Areas of lower occupational diversity coincide with extreme income values, forming spaces of greater segregation. In the metropolitan centre–periphery pattern, the centre has expanded, while the periphery has been shifted to outer peripheral rings. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Wetland spirits and indigenous knowledge: implications for the conservation of wetlands in the Peruvian Amazon(Elsevier, 2021-01-01)Globally, the importance of indigenous and local knowledge systems for science, policy, environmental conservation and the cultural heritage of indigenous peoples is increasingly being recognised. The Amazon region in particular is home to many indigenous peoples who have conserved their cultural traditions and knowledge, despite growing threats to the environment and traditional lifestyles and cultures. Based on insights from ethnographic research in three indigenous communities, here we present a case study on the indigenous knowledge of the Urarina people of the Chambira Basin in the Peruvian Amazon and its implications for conservation. We describe, for the first time, a series of anthropomorphic and territorial “wetland spirits”, who are associated with particular wetland ecosystems and range in character from the benign to outright aggressive. Their presence may indirectly benefit conservation of wetlands, as humans fear or respect these wetland spirits and adapt their behaviour accordingly. While benign spirits may be seen as positive models to follow, aggressive spirits may deter unsustainable harvesting of resources through fear of disease or death. However, their cultural status is not adequately captured by such rational-scientific explanations. Wetland spirits are important characters within the indigenous cosmos of humans and non-humans, which is built on a relational, rather than extractive model of connecting humans and nature. We discuss our findings in the context of wider conceptual debates on recognising relational ontologies in environmental policy and conservation, the paradigm of biocultural conservation, as well as their implications for land titling, and incorporating indigenous perspectives in local education. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, The multiple viewpoints for the Amazon: geographic limits and meanings(2021-09-20)The geographic term “Amazon” describes several distinct but overlapping hydrological, geological, biological, and geopolitical entities located in northern South America (Albert et al. 2018). It is therefore useful to distinguish the Amazon as a drainage basin, a sedimentary basin, a biodiversity province, and a geopolitical unit. This report describes the multiple boundaries and definitions of the geographical area called "the Amazon". - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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