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Item type:Publication, Stemming the gender gap in STEM entrepreneurship – insights into women’s entrepreneurship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics(Springer, 2020-03-01)Abstract Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are notably important for innovation and technological development, which in turn are seen as drivers of social and economic growth. Hence, researchers and policy-makers have paid substantial attention to analyzing and promoting high-growth ventures in STEM fields. However, STEM fields are highly gender-skewed, regardless of whether the population considered is students, faculty members, graduates, top managers, or entrepreneurs. This is noticeable in the small number of women entrepreneurs with STEM backgrounds. This underrepresentation of women in innovation-driven business startups highlights existing gender biases and systemic disadvantages in social structures, making visible the double masculinity that exists at the intersection of STEM and entrepreneurship. This article addresses this issue by combining insights from research about women’s entrepreneurship and research about the gender aspects of STEM fields. We emphasize institutional, organizational, and individual factors influencing women’s entrepreneurship in STEM fields, laying the foundation for the articles included in this special issue. Finally, we discuss the way forward for research on the gender aspects of STEM entrepreneurship to help us create the knowledge needed to close this gender gap. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Factors that contribute to the underrepresentation of women in science careers worldwide: a literature review(Springer, 2020-07-01)The paper analyses the literature related to the underrepresentation of women in the scientific field to identify the factors that affect this underrepresentation worldwide. This literature review covers 470 papers—published in journals with the highest impact factor from 1985 to 2018—that address the factors that influence the access, participation, and progress of women in scientific careers. This literature review was based on the complete readings of the papers using thematic analysis. The factors that influence women’s access, participation and progress in careers related to science and technology are a complex problem with multiple interdependent factors. In addition, these vary according to the stages of women’s lives and cultural contexts. This paper proposes, based on the literature review, a comprehensive framework to explain the factors that influence the access, participation, and progress of women in science careers. The factors are grouped as follows: (a) individual, (b) family, (c) social, (d) educational, and (e) labor-economic. The proposed research is useful for researchers and policy makers because it introduces this phenomenon schematically and orderly identifies the gaps in past research studies, and evidences the need to conduct further research on this topic. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, A Bayesian resampling approach to estimate the difference in effect sizes in consumer social responses to CSR initiatives versus corporate abilities(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2021-11-01)We expand previous analyses and advance our understanding of the difference in the impact on consumer purchasing behaviour between pursuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and improving corporate abilities. To this aim, a Bayesian bootstrapping simulation is applied to selected consumer samples for 123 homogeneous choice‐based conjoint studies. We develop a simulation‐based approach to estimate the empirical distributions of effect sizes under two Bayesian bootstrap resampling schemes. This approach permits us to evaluate the results for two predefined classifications: Foote‐Cone‐Belding (FCB) and gender. The results indicate that females exhibit higher concern for CSR initiatives. Furthermore, we found that managers can exploit the classification of their product in the FCB grid and obtain more efficient consumer responses by implementing strategies focused on certain attributes. This is the first application of the FCB grid to identify differences in consumer responses across different products with different levels of rational consideration and involvement.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Gender equality index for country regions (GEICR)(Springer International Publishing, 2022-01-01)The study proposes a Gender Equality Index for Country Regions (GEICR), which aims to provide a comprehensive approach to the quantitative measurement of gender equality and social development in a sub-national setting and to show how resources are distributed between women and men. The GEICR includes four determinants, called pillars, twelve factors, and for each factor, a set of indicators. This approach was applied in 25 regions of Peru and the results show high statistical consistency with other similar measurements. The GEICR can be used by policymakers and other relevant stakeholders for policy and strategy design and development at the national and international levels, which is why it is an important tool for International Economic Diplomacy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Experiences of menstruation and schooling among female adolescents in Peru: Contributions from an ecological and gender perspective(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022-01-01)This study focuses on the relationship between menstruation and the schooling experience of female adolescents in Peru from an ecological and gender approach. Qualitative data were collected from rural and urban areas through individual interviews and participatory activities with 277 participants, including adolescents and key informants. The participants were chosen through convenience sampling in 11 schools. The results were tripartite: (1) most adolescents experience fear and shame related to menstruation because of gender meanings about the menstrual body; (2) there is bullying and aggression associated with menstruation by male peers in the school grounds; and (3) the issues of menstruation in the institutional context are not sufficiently addressed in public policy, teacher training and provision of sanitation facilities. Therefore, a critical revision of the gender norms that place female adolescents at a disadvantage in school grounds is urgent in addition to improving water and sanitation infrastructure and maintenance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The relationship between transformational leadership style and voice behaviour(Inderscience Publishers, 2022-01-01)The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of the transformational leadership (TL) style on voice behaviour (VB) under circumstances that do not promote proactive behaviour on the society. In addition, this research explored the moderator effect of the follower gender and type of company on the TL-VB relationship. This was a quantitative, correlational and cross-sectional study. Data were analysed using structural equations modelling. The results showed that TL has a direct, positive and significant effect on VB, but the follower's gender and type of company have no significant effect on the TL-VB relationship. Future research should consider a broad type of organisation, and include moderating variables related to the follower's personality and the corporate ethical environment. Also, future's studies should investigate the influence of TL on VB at territories with different levels of DP and UA, and to compare the effects due the mentioned context differences. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Women on corporate boards in a predominantly male-dominated society: the case of Peru(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2022-09-28)Purpose This phenomenological study aims to analyze the factors perceived by women to be important to their nomination and selection for board positions in Peruvian public companies. The importance of this study lies in understanding the qualities that are important for women to possess, as perceived by those women who have reached leadership positions, achieving empowerment and economic autonomy. Design/methodology/approach The study population consisted of 33 women who became company directors in 2019, according to the data of the Lima Stock Exchange. From this group, the authors conducted 12 in-depth interviews with those women who accepted to participate in this study. The information was analyzed based on the stages suggested by Moustakas (1994). Findings This study proposes a conceptual framework with 13 factors perceived by women during their nomination and selection for board positions in Latin American public companies, focusing on the case of Peru. The factors are training and learning, professional experience, self-awareness, attitude, resilience, networking, communication skills, empathy, “hard work,” capacity to make important decisions, soft skills, support networks and allies and passion for their work. Originality/value Based on the experiences of the participants, this study identified 13 critical factors for women to achieve leadership positions as board members. From a phenomenological approach, the relevance of said factors is that they have emerged from the point of view of women who live in a patriarchal and collectivistic culture with a high gender gap index. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Gender disparities in occupational morbidity: A study on the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in Ecuadorian workers(EnPress Publisher, LLC, 2024-01-01)The heterogeneity of occupational morbidity by gender in those suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been little studied in the Latin American context. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of CTS of occupational origin in the Ecuadorian salaried population according to gender, In addition, the differences in risk between women and men are compared. Methods: We use the only administrative registers of CTS qualified as occupational diseases in the country between the years 2017 and 2019. Period incidence rates were estimated to compare the risk in women versus men (RR, CI 95%) by age group and economic activity. Results: CTS is the second most common occupational disease in Ecuador. Women workers are more likely tosuffer from CTS and showed twice the risk compared to men [RR = 2.10 (95%CI: 1.94–2.11); p = 0.000]. This risk increases with age and for the vast majority of economic activities. The occupations of agriculture and warehousing stand out for their importance. Conclusions: The results shown in this study raise the fundamental need to improve epidemiological surveillance systems and occupational health policies by considering gender differences in order to adequately address risks and promote safe and healthy working environments for all. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Women-led social entrepreneurship: A phenomenological study in Peru(Institute of Economic Sciences, 2024-11-27)This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore the experiences of 30 women leaders in Peruvian social entrepreneurship. Through in-depth interviews analyzed using Moustakas's (1994) methodology, the research proposes a framework for understanding the initiation and development of women-led social enterprises, considering individual, social, cultural, and institutional factors. It also examines the impact of these ventures on the leaders and society, as well as the resources utilized. The findings offer insights for policymakers aiming to support entrepreneurial ecosystems. This study is unique in its focus on Peru, a country with the highest women labor force participation in Latin America and strong entrepreneurial activity. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Negative consumer–brand relationships in services: Does gender matter?(Emerald Publishing, 2024-10-28)Studies on the negative aspects of consumer–brand relationships have received increasing attention in academia, but most research on this phenomenon is not focused on services. On the other hand, the literature consistently demonstrates evidence that gender affects consumer behavior. In this context, this study aims to unprecedentedly identify the antecedents of brand hate and the effects of consumer gender across different service sectors. Design/methodology/approach: This research compares the results of two studies with service companies. The first was accomplished with 307 consumers of mobile phone operators, and the second study was performed on 450 higher education students. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings: In both studies, females showed greater importance for ideological incompatibility than males. This suggests that females are more sensitive to moral issues and ethical behavior than males. As for males, negative experience is the most relevant antecedent of brand hate in both samples. However, when age is checked, the results indicate that younger males develop more brand hate than older males. This does not happen with females. Originality/value: This study demonstrates gender differences and compares two samples applied in different service sectors: low-technological and high-touch consumer interactions. The results show that the antecedents of brand hate for males and females in the service sector differ. This study also points out that older males present a different behavior when compared to younger males, which does not happen with females.
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