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Item type:Publication, From paper institutions to bureaucratic autonomy: institutional change as a resource curse remedy(Elsevier, 2021-07-01)Over the last three decades, drawn by international influence and local discontent, mineral-dependent Peru has progressed in the acquisition of environmental protection regulations and policies for its mining industry. However, for regulations and policy announcements to matter, in face of power asymmetries and economic dependence, there must be bureaucratic autonomy. The cases of Hualgayoc and Pasco, scenarios of long and distinct processes of environmental damage and contention regarding mining in the Peruvian Andes, show fairly limited progress in environmental protection. This study on institutional change begins at the 1990s domestic-neoliberalism-meets-global-environmentalism juncture. The triumphant policy ideology of liberal boosting of the economy structured newborn environmental functions of the state for its mining industry. We show that pressures from above —the greened international political economy— and below —grassroots activism and protest— are contextual conditions enabling formal institutional change: they compel a resource-dependent developing country to carry out institutional reform to protect the environment from extractive industries. However, accretion of formal rules does not bring on their own bureaucratic autonomy for environmental protection. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Antimicrobial resistance in humans, animals, water and household environs in rural Andean Peru: exploring dissemination pathways through the one health lens(MDPI, 2021-05-01)Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, especially for low and middle-income countries (LMIC) where the threat has not been fully identified. Our study aims to describe E. coli AMR in rural communities to expand our knowledge on AMR bacterial contamina-tion. Specifically, we aim to identify and describe potential dissemination routes of AMR-carrying bacteria in humans (children’s stools), community water sources (reservoirs and household sources), household environments (yard soil) and domestic animals of subsistence farmers in rural Andean areas. Our cross-sectional study was conducted in rural households in the region of Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 266 samples were collected. Thirty-four point six percent of reservoir water and 45% of household water source samples were positive for thermotolerant coliforms. Of the reservoir water samples, 92.8% were positive for E. coli, and 30.8% displayed resistance to at least one antibiotic, with the highest resistance to tetracycline. E. coli was found in 57.1% of the household water sources, 18.6% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant, and displayed the highest resistance to tetracycline (31.3%). Among samples from the children’s drinking water source, 32.5% were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and 57.1% of them were E. coli. One third of E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (41.6%) and ampicillin (25%). Thermotolerant coliforms were found in all the soil samples, 43.3% of the isolates were positive for E. coli, 34.3% of the E. coli isolates displayed AMR to at least one antibiotic, and displayed the highest AMR to tetracycline (25.7%). We determined thermotolerant coliforms in 97.5% of the child feces samples; 45.3% of them were E. coli, 15.9% displayed multidrug resistance, and displayed the highest resistance to ampicillin (34.1%). We identified thermotolerant coliforms in 67.5% of the animal feces samples. Of those, 38.7% were E. coli, and 37.7% were resistant to at least one antibiotic. For all the samples, the prevalence of resistance to at least one antibiotic in the E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was almost 43% and the prevalence of MDR in the same isolates was nearly 9%, yet the latter nearly doubled (15.9%) in children’s stools. Our results provide preliminary evidence for critical pathways and the interconnectedness of animal, human and environmental transmission but molecular analysis is needed to track dissemination routes properly. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Antimicrobial resistance in rural settings in Latin America: a scoping review with a one health lens(MDPI, 2021-09-01)Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rural Latin America is not fully understood. The transmission pathways are partially known since research predominantly focuses on the urban hospital setting. The contribution to AMR from environmental factors is usually only mentioned in large-scale animal production. To understand the state of the literature on AMR in rural LA, we carried out a scoping review using the One Health (OH) perspective. OH recognises the concomitant contributions and interconnectedness of humans, animal, and the environment, thus, we used the OH perspective to select those articles adopting a holistic view of the problem. We searched original articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in four peer-reviewed databases and included 21 publications in the analysis. We charted data on bibliometrics, design, data collection sources, and instruments. We identified the human, animal, and environmental contributions to AMR in rural locations, and information gaps on AMR transmission routes and AMR drivers. Intensive and non-intensive animal production systems and agricultural practices were the most frequently found human contributions to AMR. Poultry, swine, cattle, and fish were the most frequent livestock mentioned as sources of AMR bacteria. Animal carriage and/or transfer of AMR determinants or bacteria was recognised as the primary contribution of livestock to the problem, while water, soil, and farming were predominant environmental contributions. We found that only 1 article out of 21 considered the OH approach as a framework for their sampling scheme, whereas 5 out 21 discussed all the three OH components. There were hardly any descriptions of humans or human waste as reservoirs for AMR in rural locations, and rural health centres or hospitals and wildlife were not represented. No studies identified mining as an anthropogenic activity driving AMR. More OH-oriented studies, with emphasis on molecular approaches—for identification and comparison of AMR genes—are sorely needed to understand better the existence of a network of interconnected transmission routes in rural Latin America and provide efficient strategies to prevent further AMR emergence. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Face mask waste generation and management during the COVID-19 pandemic: an overview and the Peruvian case(Elsevier, 2021-09-10)The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has driven massive consumption of personal protective equipment (PPE) worldwide. Single-use face masks are one of the most used PPE to prevent the transmission of the virus. However, mismanagement of such materials threatens the environment with a new form of plastic pollution. Researchers argue that it is necessary to develop and implement innovative ways to manage and recycle PPE in order to reduce their impacts on the environment. In the present work, we have reviewed and discussed the recent development of sustainable face mask alternatives and recycling and repurposing routes under the COVID-19 pandemic context. Moreover, we have conducted estimations of the daily face mask waste generation in Peru, a developing country struggling with a poor solid waste management framework and infrastructure. Unlike previous studies, our equation incorporates the “economically active population” variable in order to provide more precise estimations, while evaluating single-use and reusable scenarios. The scenarios of incorporating reusable face masks significantly reduced the amount of solid waste generated in Peru. In situ evidence shows that face masks are polluting the streets and beaches of Peru, probably driven by mismanagement and poor environmental awareness. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Design of a monitoring system for the identification of gas concentration in the district of Mi Perú - Callao, Perú(IJETAE Publication House, 2022-01-01)In recent years, the contamination of toxic gases in society is a very controversial problem because of the various consequences and effects they generate on health. There are several studies which highlight that the main polluting gases to the environment such as carbon monoxide, lead, cadmium, among others are the main causes of the increase in various acute diseases, such as pneumonia, or chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases or lung cancer. That is why, faced with this problem, this research work proposes a monitoring system that determines the concentration of toxic gases, in such a way that it can contribute as an informative medium which can be implemented in various focused points where high rates of pollution are concentrated. The system has a very efficient MQ 135 gas sensor which includes a reading of 5 to 600 ppm (parts per million) at 3m with a temperature of 25ºC. It should be noted that it is important to keep the sensor on 24 hours beforehand to obtain a correct reading. Thus, concluding that this system of toxic gases can be easily applied to society because it is economical and because it has a free software which will be responsible for informing through a web server the level of ppm that you want to analyze at a certain point. Keywords- Toxic Gases, Pollution, Gas Sensor, Environment, Air Quality - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The continental, the hemispheric and the global Antarctica: Southern perspectives of climate change and the governance of Antarctica(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022-01-01)The present paper seeks to examine southern perspectives on climate change and their effects on Antarctica. Following that objective, the paper analyses, from a theoretical/philosophical and historical perspective, three different images of Antarctica that have played key roles in shaping the governance of the continent. Thus, I distinguish between the idea of a continental Antarctica, characterised as exceptional and isolated; the idea of a hemispheric – or regional – Antarctica, which relates to the vicinity of the southern hemisphere countries, their environmental identity with the southern polar regions and the more direct and immediate linkages between the Antarctic and the southern countries’ environments; and the idea of a global Antarctica, which stress the planetary dynamics that interlink the continent with the global phenomena. Whether the Antarctic Treaty and the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System seem to have incorporated those different images successfully, the evolving and increasing phenomenon of climate change has stressed the idea of the global Antarctica as opposed to the continental Antarctica, disregarding the image of the hemispheric Antarctica. That could lead to efforts to widen or even open up participation in the regime, an option that most likely would confront a strong rebuttal from existing southern member countries, in particular from those that hold territorial claims upon Antarctica. As a conclusion, I argue that any successful attempt to address the global problem of climate change needs to take into account the perspectives of the southern countries and their particular identity/links with the Antarctic region, including their environments; and that any possible governance framework would need to accommodate the three disparate visions of Antarctica in order to be successful and ensure that the Antarctic remains free from strong political discord and conflicts. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Rethinking international law along with Amazonian ontologies: Problematizing human–non-human divisions(Cambridge University Press, 2024-10-22)This article focuses on the nature-culture dimension in the Amazonian territory as an ontological question. It is argued that international law, as a product of modern Western societies, reflects and reproduces particular ideas about what the environment is. These ideas in turn reflect specific nature-culture relations that are not necessarily present in other societies. This is especially evident in contexts such as the Amazon, where the basic assumptions that modern Western society takes for granted cannot be extrapolated. The argument is illustrated through the Amazonian Kukama-Kukamiria people’s conception of the river, which was put on the ropes by the implementation of a development project. It is proposed that rethinking international law along with the Amazon means situating oneself in not only a geographically but also ontologically different place. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Clean combustion optimization of hydrogen-algae biodiesel mixtures for performance-emission trade-offs using response surface methodology(2026-07-17)The research investigation of RSM optimization to analyze the impact of load, Algae Biodiesel blend and Hydrogen concentration on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions in diesel engine produces 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm. The testing process involved injecting B20 biodiesel blend into the combustion cylinder and introducing hydrogen complete the intake manifold. The objective of this study investigates the effect of engine load, algae biodiesel blend and hydrogen flow rate on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using RSM for optimization. The experimental results reveal, the BTE will be enhanced by an increase in hydrogen concentration in the B20 compound. In comparison to the base B20, the BTE was increased by 29.89% by the mixture B20 with 9 LPM, resulting in a 18.8% improvement. In the same, this concentration demonstrates 25.38% decrease in BSFC when contrasted with the B20 combination. At Higher concentration of hydrogen, CO and HC emissions decreases 20% and 10.11% respectively, while NOx emissions increase by 36% and smoke opacity decreased by 17% respectively. The engine parameters were optimised using RSM with Central Composite Design and a desirability function. The analysis determined that the most effective combination was B20 biodiesel blended with 9 LPM hydrogen. Among the evaluated conditions for CI engine operation, this blend attained the highest overall desirability. The research is directly support to Sustainable Development Goals, SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy and SDG 13- Climate Action, by promoting cleaner, renewable and low-emission energy solutions for future transportation.