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Item type:Publication, Water insecurity and gender-based violence: a global review of the evidence(Wiley, 2022-10-03)We reviewed the existing literature documenting the association between water insecurity and gender‐based violence to (1) describe the characteristics and contexts of available studies, and (2) identify and classify documented gender‐based violence across domains of water insecurity (access, affordability, adequacy, reliability, and safety). 18 peer‐reviewed articles mentioned associations between water insecurity and gender‐based violence. All studies were conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia and were published in English. The most common manifestation of the relationship between water insecurity and gender‐based violence was an increased risk of sexual and physical violence for women who walked long distances to access water. This was followed by intimate partner violence sparked by the inability to meet domestic obligations due to household water inadequacy. Despite these trends, the domains of water insecurity, and the types of violence experienced by women, were often intertwined. We conclude that there is a dearth of information assessing gender‐based violence and water insecurity, especially in Latin America, North America, and Southeast Asia, and involving locally‐based scholars. We suggest that the spectrum of what is considered “violence” in relation to water insecurity be expanded and that scholars and practitioners adopt the term “gender‐based water violence” to describe water‐related stressors that are so extreme as to threaten human health and well‐being, particularly that of women and girls. Finally, we encourage the development of cross‐culturally validated measures of gender‐based violence, which can be deployed in conjunction with standardized measures of water insecurity, to evaluate interventions that target these linked threats to global health. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Rights to Water - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The gender wage gap and domestic violence against women: Evidence from Peru(Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, 2024-02-29)In Peru, 68% of women have reported being the victim of partner violence, at some point in their lives. However, very little is known about the economic determinants of domestic violence. The present study is intended to analyze the relationship between the gender wage gap and domestic violence in Peru. We understand that the gap is a characteristic of the market that places women at a disadvantage compared to men. Data from the National Household Survey enables the calcula-tion of this wage gap. This information, combined with the violence report from the Demographic and Health Survey, is used in the regression anal-yses. We find that wide wage gaps are associated with higher incidences of physical and emotional violence. This result also extends to women who are not gainfully employed. These women ben-efit from greater equality in the labor market that provides them with better potential inco-me, which would increase their bargaining power within the home. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Does an intimate partner violence law decrease domestic violence? Evidence from Peru(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2024-01-01) - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Scoping review of cultural responsivity in interventions to prevent gender-based violence in Latin America(SAGE Publishing, 2024-12-24)In this article, we review existing interventions to prevent gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin American contexts to evaluate the extent to which this work incorporates cultural responsivity-meaning whether the interventions consider the unique norms, identities, and attributes of specific cultures. We follow Arksey and O'Malley's steps for conducting systematic scoping reviews. We reviewed articles from 2003 to 2023 across 12 databases. Fifteen peer-reviewed articles met the criteria for inclusion, which included being published in English or Spanish, focused on proposed or implemented interventions to prevent GBV based in Latin America, and published in the last 20 years. The selected studies contained information about separate GBV interventions (proposed or implemented) in 10 different countries in Latin America, in both rural and urban contexts. We categorized five interventions as most culturally responsive, six studies as moderately culturally responsive, and four studies as showing minimal attention to cultural responsivity. We found that culturally responsive interventions tended to involve working closely with men and women in local communities as "peer facilitators" or "community-based researchers." These interventions challenged socio-cultural norms related to gender, family, and parenting, including attention to machismo and other forms of hegemonic masculinity. The present study is the first one to examine cultural responsiveness within GBV interventions in Latin America, and it is relevant for researchers, service providers, and communities in Latin America who are concerned with preventing GBV. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
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Item type:Publication, Invisible costs of care: Health consequences for women supporting survivors of intimate partner violence in South America(SAGE Publishing, 2026-04-01)This study examines the often-overlooked health consequences experienced by women who provide informal support to survivors of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in their communities. In contrast, extensive research has documented the physical and psychological impacts of violence on survivors; far less attention has been paid to the invisible costs borne by supporters—neighbors, friends, coworkers, or relatives—who are repeatedly exposed to traumatic disclosures and the demands of caregiving. Grounded in the complementary frameworks of Secondary Traumatic Stress, Vicarious Trauma, Compassion Fatigue, and Allostatic Load, this study conceptualizes the “cost of caring” as the cumulative psychological and physiological burden of informal caregiving. Unlike previous research that has focused mainly on professional providers, our analysis highlights the experiences of women embedded in gendered, community-based care networks. A two-phase cross-sectional probabilistic household survey design was implemented in two South American countries with a high prevalence of IPVAW. The exploratory phase was conducted in a high-incidence district in Peru (n = 507), followed by a confirmatory phase using a nationally representative sample in Ecuador (n = 2,501). Standardized instruments measured support intensity, emotional and physical morbidity, and personal victimization. Multivariate analyses, controlling for sociodemographic and violence-related covariates, showed that women providing support to IPVAW survivors reported significantly higher levels of emotional morbidity (β = .075–.083) and physical morbidity (β = .038–.058), even after adjusting for their own experiences of violence. Findings reveal a robust and statistically significant association between informal caregiving and increased health burden, underscoring that the impacts of violence extend beyond survivors to those who sustain them. By making these hidden costs visible, this study contributes to both the social support literature and the IPVAW field, reframing community-level caregiving as a critical public health issue. Although causal inference is limited by the cross-sectional design, the consistency of results across two countries strengthens the external validity and global relevance of the phenomenon.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, “Men's is the only and final word.” A qualitative study of community midwives' insights on violence against women and girls in Yemen, including the forms, causes, and responses of survivors and their families(2025-01-07)Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a serious human rights violation that has intensified in Yemen due to war, displacement, and pandemics. The cultural stigma surrounding discussions of VAWG, particularly sexual violence, compounded by a lack of resources for affected individuals, poses significant challenges for research and program implementation. This study involved qualitative interviews with 20 community midwives from the National Yemeni Midwifery Association across four governorates to explore the causes, forms, and consequences of VAWG and identify potential resources for survivors. A Yemeni physician trained in ethical VAWG research conducted the interviews, which were analysed thematically by two researchers. The findings indicated that physical partner violence was widely recognised as a crime; however, women and girls facing sexual violence often faced severe social ramifications, including ostracism or violence aimed at preserving family honour, leading to underreporting. Midwives identified patriarchal culture and the ongoing economic crisis as key contributors to VAWG. Health-related consequences for survivors included physical injuries such as vaginal tears and obstetric fistula. Additionally, midwives reported that survivors encountered humiliation within the healthcare system. Most women and girls did not seek help; however, when they did, they turned to their families or local leaders for support. To effectively understand, prevent, and address VAWG in Yemen, strategies should prioritise the safety and needs of women and align with cultural values. Insights from community midwives can guide the development of VAWG-focused community-led initiatives.3