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    Applying the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM) to characterize the society-agriculture-forest system: The case of Huayopata, Cuzco (Peru)
    (Springer Science+Business Media, 2022-06-11)
    The divergence between the disappearance of primary forests and the appearance of secondary forests indicates a set of circumstances that simultaneously converge in what we called the society-agriculture-forest complex. Such circumstances vary between places and over time and are associated with internal factors-factors originating within the reference system-and external factors-factors originating outside the borders of the reference system-restrict the use of standard strategies for any reality. We present a quantitative model that helps to understand the relationships of the society-agriculture-forest complex as a whole. This comprehensive understanding will allow a clearer discussion of the positive and negative consequences of prioritizing actions on any of the system components. Our model establishes a set of quantitative relationships among: (i) the requirements of food and timber products for society to maintain its structure and functionality, (ii) the level of openness of the society with respect to other societies for the exchange of resources, and (iii) the interface between the economic productive systems and the ecological productive systems. To test the model, the case of Huayopata (Peru) was studied. Findings suggest that the abandonment of agricultural production and, particularly, of tea favors the appearance of secondary forests. However, projects by the Congress of Peru to reactivate the production of tea without adequate technological support to improve the current processes that use firewood for boilers would put the forestry system at risk. In addition, a potential worker 'pull factor' could reconfigure the food system and impact on the local agricultural sector. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-022-02457-6.
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    When the Mold Was Broken. Stereotypes of Submission and Empowerment of Andean Women During the Great Rebellion of 1780-81
    (University of Sevilla, 2023-06-01)
    The traditional image of Andean women stressed her devotion to her husband, her hard work, kindness, pity and her role as support of the household. After the great rebellion in 1780-81, there was a turning point in the perception of indian women mainly as a result of the involvement of Micaela Bastidas -wife of Jose Gabriel Túpac Amaru- and Tomasa Tito Condemaita -cacica of Acos- in the insurrection. Their behavior in the war was aknowledged as having male features, argument that was going to be used to condemned both of them to the death penalty. After the great rebellion the perception of Andean women will changed provoking among the Spanish authorities distrust and fear.