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The Role of Loan Supply Shocks in Pacific Alliance Countries: A TVP-VAR-SV Approach
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. Departamento de Economía, 2018-11)
This paper analyzes the e§ect of loan supply shocks on the real economic activity of PaciÖc Alliance countries. The econometric approach is a Time-Varying Parameter VAR with Stochastic Volatility (TVP-VAR-SV), which is identiÖed by sign restrictions. Results of a trace test, t-tests and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test reveal the existence of signiÖcant changes in the distribution of parameters over time, which supports the use of time-varying parameters. The results indicate that loan supply shocks have an important impact on real economic activity in all PaciÖc Alliance countries: about 1% in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, and about 0.5% in Chile. Moreover, loan supply shocks have a considerable role in driving business cycle áuctuations, not only in crisis periods, but also in stability periods. Their contribution to GDP growth is higher than that of aggregate supply shocks and as high as that of aggregate demand and monetary policy shocks. The evolution of the impact of loan supply shocks on real economic activity shows evidence of cross-country heterogeneity, reáecting di§erent Önancial structures among PaciÖc Alliance countries. Furthermore, by assessing the e§ects on di§erent measures of economic activity, it is estimated that loan supply shocks have a higher impact on domestic demand, while the impact is similar when the model is estimated for non-primary activities. Finally, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the results of the model are robust to di§erent priors speciÖcations, to di§erent measures of external variables, and to multiple sets of sign restrictions. Moreover, by applying an agnostic identiÖcation, the results indicate that even letting the response of GDP unrestricted, its response to loan supply shocks remains positive and signiÖcant. With this multiple speciÖcation, the impact of loan supply shocks on GDP growth ranges between 0.8% and 1.2% in Peru and Colombia, and between 0.5% and 0.8% in Chile. These results are close to the baseline estimation and show robustness. Regarding Mexico, it is estimated that the impact of loan supply shocks varies between 0.8%-3.5%.
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Comparing experiences of constitutional reforms to enshrine the right to water in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru: opportunities and limitations
(MDPI, 2021-12-01)
In this paper we compare recent efforts towards the constitutionalization of the right to water in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru to understand the opportunities and limitations related to the attempts to enhance access to piped water to the highest normative level. Peru passed a constitutional amendment in 2017 while Brazil and Colombia have seen much right-to-water activism but have not succeeded in passing such reforms. We explore the role of the existing domestic legal frameworks on drinkable water provision and water management towards the approval of constitutional amendments. We find that all three countries have specialized laws, water governing institutions, and constitutional jurisprudence connecting access to water with rights, but the legal opportunity structures to enforce socio-economic rights vary; they are stronger in Colombia and Brazil, and weaker in Peru. We argue that legal opportunity structures build legal environments that influence constitutional reform success. Legal opportunity structures act as incentives both for social movements to push for reforms and for actors with legislative power to accept or reject them. Our findings also show that in some contexts political cost is a key element of constitutional reforms that enshrine the right to water; therefore, this is an element that should be considered when analyzing these processes.
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Assessing the impact of corporate entrepreneurship in the financial performance of subsidiaries of Colombian business groups: under environmental dynamism moderation
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021-12-01)
Corporate entrepreneurship creates opportunities in employment, technological advances, value creation, and cultural transformation for entrepreneurial ecosystems, entrepreneurs, governments, economies, and society around the globe. The of this study is to assess the impact of corporate entrepreneurship on the financial performance of subsidiaries in Colombian business groups under the moderating effect of the environmental dynamism, because the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance in emerging economies must differ from developed economies. Using a cross-sectional structural equation modeling analysis, this study assessed the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and corporate venturing on the firm financial performance of 87 subsidiaries of Colombian business groups at different levels of environmental dynamism. This study also confirms that the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and performance is context-dependent and that entrepreneurial orientation has a strong and positive causal relationship with corporate venturing. Additionally, subsidiaries of Colombian business groups increase their financial performance when also does the entrepreneurial orientation, and decrease financial performance when so does corporate venturing. Furthermore, the results show that environmental dynamism does not have a moderating effect on the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship of subsidiaries in Colombian business groups and their performance. This paper would contribute to important areas in Latin America business, where such studies are scarce.
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Punishment and pardon: the use of international humanitarian law by the Special Jurisdiction for Peace in Colombia
(Cambridge University Press, 2022-04-01)
Transitional justice systems generally aim to achieve two goals. One is to bring the perpetrators of past atrocities to justice to ensure that they do not go unpunished, which involves the State fulfilling its duty to investigate, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations and breaches of international humanitarian law (IHL). The other is to bring about reconciliation to heal a divided society and achieve peace and stability. This normally requires the adoption of measures of clemency, such as granting amnesty, so that those who took part in the country's violent past can return to civilian life. The use of IHL is relevant in attaining both these goals because its complex nature means that it provides the legal basis for their implementation. However, this very complexity can mean that there are contradictions or complementarities between its characteristics. This article looks at the case of the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP) in Colombia, showing how this transitional jurisdiction has used IHL as a legal basis both for investigating, prosecuting and punishing serious violations committed during the Colombian armed conflict and for granting amnesty to those who took part in the hostilities. These different uses by the JEP demonstrate that IHL is a flexible tool that can facilitate the process of delivering both justice and peace after a conflict has ended.
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The commitment to infrastructure: Public investment and the reproduction of water scarcity in contexts of large mining in Peru and Colombia
(Universidad Catolica del Norte, 2022-01-01)
Public and private policies typically consider the construction of infrastructure the most appropriate response to the problems of water scarcity and water disputes. However, infrastructure in itself not always is the solution. In this context we have the following questions: What are the logics behind the construction and implementation of water infrastructure? Why water infrastructures are not alone a solution to water stress and scarcity? How does infrastructure construction reduce or deepen inequalities in access to water? This article answers these questions by arguing that water infrastructures respond to technical-political projects of territorial control and mining expansion located in areas of mining influence, rather than aiming to solve water access and supply problems. In doing so, they ended up deepening inequalities in local water access. This article compares infrastructures constructed in the context of large-scale mining projects in Espinar, Peru and La Guajira, Colombia. The information presented was collected following qualitative methods (semi-structured interviews and situated ethnographies). Likewise, the article systematizes secondary quantitative and qualitative data provided by government institutions related to water and mining, and the Environmental Impact Studies and web publications regarding the Tintaya-Antapaccay and Cerrejón mining projects.
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Urban wetland losses and land-use conservation challenges in three Latin American cities
(Springer, 2024-01-01)
Wetlands are valuable and threatened ecosystems throughout the world. They are essential for the maintenance of life and ecological balance, in addition to providing a larger number of benefits to human societies. Wetlands reduce the risk of flooding by regulating the flow of water, being essential to reduce the impacts of climate change, especially along the coasts and coastal cities of the world. Urban growth poses a risk to wetlands in and around urban areas. In this work, we quantify the loss trends of wetlands in urban areas in three Latin American countries between the years 2002 and 2019. We selected as case studies the wetlands of Aconcagua in Chile, Ciénaga de Mallorquín in Colombia, and Pantanos de Villa in Peru. Through multitemporal analysis of Quickbird satellite imagery collections, we classify land covers at 2.5-m resolution and identify areas covered by wetland. We quantify the losses and gains of the wetland areas and the areas surrounding them. We found that the three wetlands analyzed lost area, confirming the worldwide trend of loss. The Ciénaga de Mallorquín wetland was the one that decreased the most due to coastal dynamics and urbanization. The Pantanos de Villa wetland reduced its area due to the increase in urban areas that grew filling the wetland under the pressure of informal settlements and beach condominiums. Lastly, the Aconcagua wetland was reduced due to the increase in grasslands together with the increase in bare soil, also affecting the beaches and dunes. In all three case studies, urban wetlands decreased due to urban growth. For this reason, we call attention to the urgency of improving urban planning to ensure the maintenance of these key ecosystems to ensure more sustainable and resilient cities, as proposed by Sustainable Development Goal 11.
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Feminist Trajectories from Peru to Colombia: Taking Violence Experienced by Women into Account in Truth Commissions
(Routledge, 2023-01-01)
International human rights law has long ignored women’s realities, reproducing an epistemological blind spot that has impacted transitional justice mechanisms such as truth commissions. In the early 2000s, this blind spot was challenged by Peru’s Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR; Truth and Reconciliation Commission). The lessons learned in Peru about including gender in transitional justice processes have nourished the application of transitional justice in Colombia. This article examines the inclusion of a gender perspective in Peru’s CVR and highlights the advances and lessons that inform Colombia’s Comisión para el Esclarecimiento de la Verdad, la Convivencia y la No Repetición (CEV; Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition). Furthermore, it underscores the innovative contributions of Latin American decolonial and communitarian feminisms to reframing the inclusion of gender in the context of Colombia’s CEV. We argue that these feminisms allow the recognition that “woman” is a plural subject intersected by race and class; challenge liberal feminist conceptions of gender; propose a reconceptualization of time; provide a historical explanation of the reasons behind violence against women; and give an important centrality to nature, territory, and the sacred in the explanation of violence and in peacebuilding.
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Towards Comprehensive Education: Key Strategies to Enhance the Student Experience in Colombia
(Richtmann Publishing, 2025-07-01)
The student experience in higher education is a crucial factor influencing learning quality and academic success. This study employs hierarchical clustering analysis to group students based on their perceptions of various aspects of their educational experience in Colombia and Latin America. Data were collected using a validated instrument that measures key dimensions such as student-centred service, inclusion and diversity, active learning participation, teacher dependence, academic accountability, and comprehensive development. With a sample of 484 students from various higher education institutions, three clusters were identified, revealing differentiated profiles in terms of perceptions and satisfaction with the educational experience. The findings help identify patterns that provide a solid basis for developing strategies to promote student retention, academic well-being, and the enhancement of educational service quality. This analysis highlights the importance of segmenting students to design policies and programmes tailored to their specific needs, thus fostering a more inclusive and practical educational experience. Received: 21 January 2025 / Accepted: 10 June 2025 / Published: 05 July 2025
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Telipogon villonacoensis (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae), a new species with an unexpectedly wide distribution from the northern and central Andes of South America
(Meise Botanic Garden, 2025-01-01)
Background and aims – Telipogon is an orchid genus with a main diversity centre located in the tropical Andes. Some small-flowered Telipogon species, formerly classified under Stellilabium , remain poorly known. During recent fieldwork in southern Ecuador, an undetermined species of a miniature Telipogon was recorded and collected. We aimed to taxonomically identify the orchid and understand its phylogenetic relationships. Material and methods – We conducted field work in diverse parts of Ecuador and Peru, revised material deposited at various herbaria, and records available on iNaturalist. Furthermore, we extracted, amplified, and sequenced DNA sequences to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the undetermined species. Key results – The unidentified species turned out to be an undescribed Telipogon species, which we describe and name here as T. villonacoensis . It has also been recorded in Colombia and Peru, an unusually wide distribution for a Telipogon species. Telipogon villonacoensis is distinguished by its pale green to yellow flowers, the elliptic petals and lip, minute lobes and red coloration at its basal third. This species appears to have a patchy distribution and specialized habitat preferences, growing as an epiphyte in montane shrublands and forests. Although fewer than 200 individuals have been documented so far, and its habitats face ongoing threats, our conservation assessment indicates the species could be classified as not threatened. Phylogenetic analyses resulted in a well-resolved tree, in which T. villonacoensis is placed within the clade of the South American miniature Telipogon and sister to, but genetically distinct from, T. pogonostalix , though it is morphologically more similar to T. alexii , a species placed in another subclade of South American miniature Telipogon . Conclusion – Our results highlight the underestimated diversity and distribution range of miniature Telipogon and underscore the need for continued collaborative exploration and conservation in Andean ecosystems. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of orchid diversity and evolution of Telipogon species.
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Manufacturing ignorance or dealing with complexity? Adaptation politics and the making of river futures in Colombia
(Elsevier BV, 2025-07-15)
Futures are not neutral. Imagining certain futures over others is deeply political and rooted in specific imaginaries. We address this issue by scrutinizing dominant future-making processes in riverine change adaptation and elucidate power structures that shape such processes. We describe what future-making processes ground the implementation of adaptation projects, what knowledge strategies are used to (attempt to) ensure certain futures, and what knowledges are actively ignored and marginalized by dominant future-makers and adaptation implementers. To scrutinize dominance in futures and adaptation, we build upon power dynamics of truth regimes in river imaginaries and critiques of modernism in which we highlight how knowing, and not-knowing, are actively produced through manufactured ignorance. We build our understanding of manufactured ignorance by introducing the notion of Hirschman's hiding hand principle which fundamentally suggests that failure to anticipate unintended consequences and unforeseen complexities is a good thing. We problematize this logic and describe the devastating and violent effects in a case study context of the Lower Magdalena River in Colombia, specifically in the Zapatosa wetland. Our findings suggest that the different futures and adaptation actions resonate with different imaginaries, namely a rooted-amphibian imaginary and an eco-modern imaginary. We suggest that manufactured ignorance, as a part of eco-modernism, leads to increased tensions in the case study area, produces deliberate claims of not-knowing and actively marginalizes those involved with alternative future-making practices. We conclude by arguing that this fundamental misrecognition of rooted imaginaries and related futures, rooted epistemic communities and adaptation practices face disproportionate epistemic and physical violence that is legitimized by the opposing (eco)modern imaginaries through the acceptance of manufactured ignorance.
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