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Item type:Publication, Environmental and carbon footprint of tourist accommodation: a comparative study of popular hotel categories in Brazil and Peru(Elsevier, 2021-12-15)The environmental externalities of tourist accommodation are substantial, but their scientific appraisals have been far from holistic. Existing environmental impact assessment studies focus on hotel operations and exclude indirect material inputs and outputs due to data (un)availability. Important environmental ‘hotspots’ can be ignored in the result as these are often concealed in the diversity and complexity of a hotel's products and services. This study employs the method of environmental life cycle impact assessment to appraise the environmental externalities occurring through the life cycle of four popular comfort categories of hotels (hostel, budget, upmarket and luxury) in two countries of South America (Brazil and Peru). The appraisal is facilitated by the ecoinvent database (version 3.6, Allocation cut-off by classification) and the SimaPro software (version 9.1.1). The intra-sectoral and cross-country analysis reveals correlation of the environmental and carbon footprint with hotel comfort categories. The study finds that (1) treatment of solid waste generated in hotel operations; (2) construction of the hotel building; and (3) operational energy use; generate the largest footprints across all major impact categories. The contribution of (4) consumer goods, such as furniture, electric and electronic equipment, bathroom/sanitary fixtures and carpets, is also significant. The study advocates that these operational and non-operational material inputs and outputs should be accounted for in future environmental and carbon impact assessments of hotels. The study provides the first benchmarks of major embodied, indirect environmental and carbon impacts of hotels that can be used, with appropriate adjustments, in future research. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Climate action and food security: strategies to reduce GHG emissions from food loss and waste in emerging economies(Elsevier, 2021-07-01)Peru struggles to upgrade its waste management, with landfilling only just overtaking open dumpsters as the main disposal method. Despite the benefits of this transition, including reduced environmental impacts to water and soil, previous studies demonstrated that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may increase if adequate levels of technological sophistication are not implemented. Considering that 58% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is organic, it seems plausible that a relevant portion of emissions can be linked directly to food loss and waste (FLW) management. This study aims to determine the GHG emissions mitigation potential in FLW compared to the current baseline scenario in 24 Peruvian cities, by modelling alternative technologies to treat organic MSW. Life cycle modelling was performed using the waste-LCA software EASETECH. Five treatment scenarios were modelled: i) open dumping; ii) landfilling with no gas treatment; iii) landfilling with landfill gas treatment; iv) landfilling with energy recovery; and, v) anaerobic digestion. GHG emissions of FLW generation proved to be substantially higher than those for FLW treatment. However, if sophisticated technologies are implemented in FLW treatment, an annual reduction of up to 1.56 Mt CO2eq could be attained. Moreover, despite the health and environmental benefits of a transition to optimized diets, in which, for example, meat consumption is reduced and vegetables are boosted, an important increase in FLW and, therefore, an increase in GHG emissions in the treatment phase is shown. However, if certain technologies, such as energy recovery or anaerobic digestion, were implemented, most carbon losses would be avoided.8 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Environmental footprint of critical agro-export products in the Peruvian hyper-arid coast: a case study for green asparagus and avocado(Elsevier, 2021-11-19)Peru has become one of the world's main agricultural hubs for a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Two of these products, avocado and green asparagus, have raised attention in recent years in the international scene from an environmental perspective due to the high amounts of water they require, as well as the long air and marine freighting distances to export these products to Europe, Asia or the US. Consequently, the aim of the current study was to perform an environmental assessment of these two products using two life-cycle methods: carbon and water footprint. For the latter, water scarcity, acidification, eco-toxicity and eutrophication impact categories have been selected for assessment. Inventory data were gathered from six different companies located in different regions of the hyper-arid Peruvian coast. The results report that the products are not carbon intensive and are in line with other similar plant-based products. Conversely, the hyper-arid conditions of the cultivation sites require a large volume of groundwater to fulfill the needs of the crops. Interestingly, even though this may lead to overexploitation of groundwater resources in the absence of appropriate management policies, the low mobility of pollutants, namely pesticides, constitutes a natural barrier to protect the degradation of natural water bodies. Similarly, highly technified irrigation systems have allowed minimizing the amounts of water used per hectare. In conclusion, results from this study may be useful in more concise environmental assessment studies on food products and diets, considering the consumption of these Peruvian products in many countries in the world. Furthermore, results are also important at regional level since they depict the carbon and water performance of these products and can also be accompanied by cross-cutting certification schemes, including Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules Guidance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Closing the gap in the municipal solid waste management between metropolitan and regional cities from developing countries: a life cycle assessment approach(Elsevier, 2021-04-01)Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is an important challenge in developing and emerging countries, where two realities co-exist. On the one hand, their metropolitan cities exhibit an integrated MSW system with a specialized fleet for the collection and landfills for the final disposal, concentrating on environmental initiatives such as municipal recycling programs. On the other hand, their regional cities show an MSW system based on adapted transports for collection and open dumps for final disposal. Besides, they face other environmental problems due to local conditions. This research proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to close the gap between these two realities. In particular, we study the city of Valdivia (Chile), one of the main regional capitals of South America, which shares similarities with other southern regional cities in the Global South. This city disposes 95% of its MSW in open dumps and presents one of the highest environmental pollution rates in Latin America. We analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy performance of six scenarios, seeking a solution for these problems. The results obtained show that a waste-to-energy scenario would generate savings of GHG emission and particulate matter, reaching 11.3% and 21.8%, respectively. Using our LCA approach, we can provide environmental evidence to highlight the importance of improving MSW management in regional cities, closing the gap with MSW management in metropolitan cities, and contributing to national targets such as United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Nationally-Determined Contributions. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Study, qualitative-quantitative analysis, and sizing of the environmental impact of the photovoltaic panel recycling process(EDP Sciences, 2024-01-01)This study investigates the efficiency and environmental impact of photovoltaic panel recycling processes through qualitative and quantitative analyses, focusing on three case studies in Peru. The research addresses the pressing problem of solar panel waste management at the end of their useful life; this aspect is of particular importance due to the current boom in renewable energies. The first case study concerns a group of 5 rural houses in Puno consuming 10 kWh/day. The second case examines the rooftop PV system of the Institute of Mining Engineering of Peru, with a capacity of 20kW. The third case explores the Rubi solar power plant in Moquegua, with a capacity of 179.5 MW. The qualitative analysis details the sub-processes involved in solar panel recycling, while the quantitative analysis evaluates the energy payback time (EPBT) for each case. In addition, the study evaluates the environmental impact by measuring the total carbon footprint of the recycling processes. The results reveal the ratio in terms of carbon footprint of the panel recycling process to the total lifetime of the panel. This research provides a novel perspective on the use of photovoltaic panels as renewable energy and suggests future avenues for improving recycling technologies and policies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Carbon footprint of organic coffee: Peruvian case study(Elsevier B.V., 2024-12-01)In Peru, organic agriculture has emerged as a promising avenue for creating prosperity through the production of premium, value-added goods. Among the array of agricultural exports from Peru, organic coffee stands out as a highly significant product, celebrated internationally for its exceptional quality. Thus, there is an opportunity to address this study from the environmental point of view by focusing on greenhouse gas emissions in coffee production and adopting the principles of a circular economy. This approach not only promises to improve farmers' overall performance but also holds the potential to mitigate the environmental repercussions related with their production processes. The aim of this research is to analyze the carbon footprint of organic coffee that is produced by small farmers who are members of a cooperative situated in the northern region of Peru. To achieve this objective, the above-mentioned environmental impact during the production of organic green coffee was calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. This research also seeks to discern about disparities between the practices of farmers who already possess their organic certification and those currently in the certification process as well as assesses the relative eco-efficiency of these production units. Besides the absence of significant differences between those who have their organic certification and those who apply organic practices in their fields but are in the process of certification, results show that the carbon footprint of 1 kg of green coffee placed in port is estimated at 0.90 kg CO2e. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Cradle-to-Grave Environmental Analysis of an Alpaca Fiber Sweater Produced in Peru(Elsevier B.V., 2023-12-20)Animal fibers are an important raw material for the fashion industry but have recently been discussed due to the environmental impacts related to their production. In order to provide scientific information for decision-making in the Peruvian alpaca sector a cradle to grave carbon footprint of one (01) wear of a 100 % alpaca fiber sweater has been conducted. For the modeling of the fiber procurement stage primary data regarding livestock management and annual production parameters were obtained from interviews with 42 Peruvian alpaca herders from the main producing regions in South and Central Peru. Data for the processing stages (spinning and dyeing, knitting and weaving) were collected by means of interviews and questionnaires from three alpaca fashion companies in Arequipa and Lima. The distribution, use, and end-of-life stages were modeled with secondary data. The resulting carbon footprint of one wear of the alpaca fiber sweater is 0.449 kg CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Most emissions occur during the lifecycle stages of fiber production and distribution (70 % and 14 % of CO2e emissions, respectively). Methane emissions from enteric fermentation account for 87 % of the impact within the fiber procurement stage. The environmental impacts during the distribution stage were dominated by retailing and road transport in the destination countries and export by air and sea (53.1 % and 46.4 % of carbon emissions in this stage, respectively). Other life cycle stages were found to be less relevant emission sources. The study concluded that the main strategies for impact mitigation should focus on improving the efficiency of the fiber procurement systems. Furthermore, several knowledge gaps have been identified and should be addressed by future research regarding methane emissions associated with the main co-products of the livestock systems, ecosystem services in the Andes and especially Andean wetlands and potential mitigation strategies of greenhouse gases related to different pasture management options. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Chicken manure-based organomineral fertilization improves nutrient use efficiency and reduces greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in maize(Elsevier BV, 2026-09-01)Organomineral fertilizers (OMF) represent an opportunity to develop locally sourced fertilizers to decarbonize grain value chains. A two-location field study comparing OMF and mineral fertilizers (MF) agronomic and environmental performance was established at two Peruvian valleys, the environmental impacts of maize grain produced with locally produced OMF and imported MF were modelled through cradle-to-gate life cycle analysis (LCA). The carbon footprints (CF) of OMF resulted smaller than those of imported MF. Fully replacing MF with OMF results in equivalent grain yield, 43% higher phosphorus agronomic efficiency and reduced cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in up to 232 kg carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) eq Mg -1 grain. Estimated NOx emissions, nutrient lixiviation and mineral resource depletion were reduced as well, providing support for OMF as a tool for sustainable grain production.