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Item type:Publication, Estimating Deforestation Due to Coca Cultivation in the Peruvian Amazon (2011-2021)(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Estudios Internacionales (IDEI), 2024)The largest negative environmental impact in the Peruvian Amazon (PA) is deforestation. To date, more than 8.4 million hectares have already been deforested, and they continue to grow. Deforestation for the 2011-2020 was 50% higher than that of the 2001-2010 period. Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon is linked to several factors that include agricultural activities, logging, petroleum drilling, u rban growth and road building as the major drivers of the process. Illicit activities such as illegal gold mining with a strong impact in Madre de Dios and illegal logging and illicit coca cultivation throughout the Amazon region are also playing an increasingly major role in deforestation of the Peruvian Amazon. Illicit coca has spread through the PA through several stages since the 1970’s. There are no detailed records of coca areas before the 80’s. As of 2001 with the initiation of UNODC monitoring we have detailed information regarding location and magnitude of coca growing areas. Beginning in 2014, there is a more detailed identification of the GPS polygons of coca plots that allows for a better analysis of the behavior and impact of coca cultivation. Promoted by drug trafficking organizations, coca cultivation improvements have resulted in the adaptation of coca cultivars to continuously lower elevation levels. Over the past two decades, more that 70% of coca has been established at lower levels than 400 m.a.s.l. of the Amazon basin. Increases in productivity and coca yields per hectare, as well as the coca to cocaine conversion ratios have also been achieved by these organizations. Drug promoters plan and direct the location of coca planting and cocaine production. They study and select new production areas based on criteria such as agronomic conditions, road and river access, the absence of government security forces, and access to labor. In addition, they finance the migration of “cocaleros”, the participation of settlers (“colonos”) already in the area, the coopting of indigenous communities, etc. They also facilitate and finance the entire production process, purchase the coca leaves, and provide chemical precursors for cocaine base paste (CBP) and cocaine hydrochloride (CHC) production. Regarding deforestation, it is evident that slash and burn process related to coca cultivation in the u pper and lower Peruvian Selva (Selva Alta and Selva Baja), have taken place. While some efforts have been made to quantify the deforestation effect of coca, only qualitative approximations have been made to date. With the information available as of today, we have developed a methodology that allows for a more objective approach to quantify deforestation for the 2011-2021 period. Total Deforestation in the PA (TDPA) for the 2011-2021 period was 1,722,355 ha. In the area of interest for this evaluation, that is, where coca is grown, Total Deforestation in Coca Areas (TDCA) was 1,096,192 ha or 63% of the TDPA. Direct Deforestation from Coca (DDC) in TDCA was 83,232 ha (i.e., the planted coca area) corresponding to 7.6% of TDCA and 4.8% of TDPA. If we consider DDC plus the Deforestation Associated with Coca (DAC) or a buffer zone of 100 m surrounding the plantation, the DDC + DAC rises to 296,297 ha or 27% of TDCA and 17.2% of the TDPA. If we further increase the distance surrounding the plantation itself to 500 m the DDC + DAC goes u p to 438,250 ha or 40% of TDCA and 25.4% of TDPA. For our analysis, the buffer zone of 300 m has been considered, so it can be concluded with a certain level of confidence that the deforestation caused by coca leaf crops in Peru, between the years 2011-2021 was 385,122 hectares, which represents 35.1% of Total Deforestation in Coca Areas (TDCA), and 22.4% of Total Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon (TDPA). The rise of illicit coca areas has resulted in increased invasion of Natural Protected Areas (NPA) and their buffer zones as well as those of indigenous communities, logging concessions and natural reserves. Coca cultivation and drug manufacturing have additional detrimental environmental impacts stemming from the intensive cultivation techniques depleting the soil; intensive u se of fertilizers and agrochemicals (pesticides, insecticides, fungicides); use of chemical precursors for the preparation of drugs that is carried out in the same growing areas; final disposal of agrochemical and chemical precursors and their containers as well as detritus from coca maceration. The adverse impacts affect the environment throughout: air, soil and bodies of water, biodiversity and people’s health. The growing impact of coca growing on deforestation in the PA requires an urgent response from the Government of Peru. All national and local public, private and civil society actors, and especially the affected indigenous communities need to be involved in the design and implementation of solutions to this problem. It is not only possible to develop early warning systems for new deforestation in order to take immediate remedial action, but it is also possible to enlist and promote active vigilance by indigenous communities, identify criminal organizations that promote illicit crops, eradicate these crops, and implement alternative development programs with sufficient resources to restore the affected areas. International cooperation can play an important role in remedying this situation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Women of influence: Interdisciplinary participatory approaches to understanding female leadership in the Peruvian Amazon(New Area Studies, 2024-08-03)The Mujeres que influyen (Women of Influence) project is a collaboration between researchers at University of East Anglia and PUCP, and young women from the Junín area of Peru who are members of the National Council of Indigenous Women of Peru. It takes its starting point from an acknowledgement that although women play a fundamental role in the preservation of biodiversity and ancestral knowledge, these contributions often go unrecognized and underdeveloped (Ketty Marcelo, 2018), to the detriment of the very culture and environment that should be preserved. Our women-led participatory project, uses film (production, screening, analysis) to highlight the potential and importance for active and organised participation by these young women in their communities in order to protect and nurture their natural resources. Working alongside Asháninka and Yanesha young women, we seek to demonstrate the value of young female involvement in community decision-making, addressing the cultural and societal inequalities that may disrupt their path to leadership and influence. In this paper, we focus on the methods developed in the project, particularly the value of participatory video production as a form of activism, with the outputs serving as creative manifestos in themselves. The co-designed activities have led us to reframe fieldwork as auto-ethnographic digital collaborations that have sought to disrupt power hierarchies and facilitate the co-production of new knowledge. We reflect on how our Indigenous partners have helped us rethink issues of sustainability, resilience and alternative strategies to respond to gender dynamics, political ecologies and environmental challenges. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The State, Indigenous communities, and illicit economic activities in the Peruvian Amazon(Taylor and Francis, 2024-01-01)Since its foundation, the Peruvian State has configured its Amazonian territory as a frontier zone characterized by the predominance of violence and the absence of the rule of law. Nowadays, 200 years later, this region is still defined by violence and illicit economic activities and by the incapacity of the State to comply with its own legal norms. In this chapter, after a brief historical review of this complex relationship, I discuss the main illicit activities in the region: coca production and drug trafficking, illegal logging and gold mining, and human trafficking, as well as their impacts on the indigenous communities. Finally, I will discuss the capability of the Peruvian State to exercise a regime of law and order in this region. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Planning for autonomy and conservation: ‘Life Plans’ and communal reserves in the Amazonian borders of Peru(Routledge, 2024-01-01)State-promoted biodiversity conservation can either align with or diverge from Indigenous Peoples’ priorities, knowledge, and self-determined development paths. Drawing on fieldwork at the Amazon borders of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, this paper examines Indigenous organizations’ efforts to uphold territorial rights and pursue planning with Indigenous values in landscapes earmarked for conservation. The key question centers on how ‘border configurations’ affect grassroots planning and conservation focusing on the experience of Peruvian Secoya (Siékopai) People. Using expert interviews and ethnographic methods, the paper finds that conservation agencies risk losing credibility without genuine efforts toward social equity and well-being, constrained by mandates that often neglect local needs. The success of Life Plans depends on solidarity networks that balance conservation with viable economic alternatives, equitable power dynamics, and access to services. Ultimately, the paper shows that Life Plans empower Indigenous organizations, offering meaningful options for political self-representation within Amazonian conservation. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Pedagogical accompaniment in Peruvian Amazon: Conceptions, process and problems(Centro Interamericano de Investigaciones Psicologicas y Ciencias Afines, 2024-01-01)In Peru, the census evaluations (ECE) of the Ministry of Education (MINEDU) show that few students of Intercultural Bilingual Education (EIB) in the Ucayali region reached the expected level in reading comprehension and math. In response to this critical situation, MINEDU implemented pedagogical accompaniment as a national strategy to improve school learning. However, after its implementation, there was no evidence of improvements in the learning achievements of children. In this context, a qualitative descriptive study was proposed, whose purpose was to understand the conceptions, process, and problems of the mentors of the Shipibo-Konibo and Asháninka peoples in their pedagogical accompaniment work. This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 10 EIB pedagogical mentors from the Shipibo-Konibo and Asháninka peoples in the province of Coronel Portillo participated in a group interview. In the second phase, three mentors from two Shipibo-Konibo communities participated. During this phase, the mentors were observed during their work in the classroom and accompaniment sessions and were then interviewed. The main results of the study showed that the mentors concluded that the accompaniment consists of assisting the teachers in their pedagogical work to facilitate better learning for the children. However, while the actions they took contributed to the pedagogical content necessary for teachers to fulfill their role, they were potentially undermining the trust relationships necessary for an optimal accompaniment process. Furthermore, it was found that the mentors followed the accompaniment protocol suggested by the MINEDU. The most significant issue identified was the perceived difficulty of accessing the communities where the teachers work, as many are located several days’ travel from the city of Pucallpa, where most of the mentors reside. This means that the mentors have to travel long distances to fulfill their accompaniment duties, with some having to travel by boat for up to three days. Additionally, the mentors reported issues with managing the accompaniment, such as not being paid on time, not receiving necessary materials, or not following work schedules. Many also reported that even when materials reach the communities, the teachers are not trained to use them, which leads to them not being utilized. Although the mentor was supposed to focus on supporting the teacher’s lesson planning, this left little time to focus on the themes that concerned the teacher or other formative aspects that were needed. It was also observed that the mentors focused on the difficulties teachers had in teaching, while ignoring the potentialities that these teachers could have for pedagogical practice. This article presents these and other findings about pedagogical accompaniment in this area and suggests the inclusion of a psycho-pedagogical perspective in the process. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, From rules to practices: Assembling natural resource governance in the Peruvian Amazon(Routledge, 2024-01-01)An assemblage framework improves our understanding of institutional diversity in natural resource governance. Drawing on the ‘practices of assemblage’ perspective of Tania M. Liand actor network theory studies, this chapter conceptualizes assemblage ...3