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Item type:Publication, Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate(Wiley, 2020-09-01)Abstract Tropical ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented rates of degradation from deforestation, fire, and drought disturbances. The collective effects of these disturbances threaten to shift large portions of tropical ecosystems such as Amazon forests into savanna‐like structure via tree loss, functional changes, and the emergence of fire (savannization). Changes from forest states to a more open savanna‐like structure can affect local microclimates, surface energy fluxes, and biosphere–atmosphere interactions. A predominant type of ecosystem state change is the loss of tree cover and structural complexity in disturbed forest. Although important advances have been made contrasting energy fluxes between historically distinct old‐growth forest and savanna systems, the emergence of secondary forests and savanna‐like ecosystems necessitates a reframing to consider gradients of tree structure that span forest to savanna‐like states at multiple scales. In this Innovative Viewpoint, we draw from the literature on forest–grassland continua to develop a framework to assess the consequences of tropical forest degradation on surface energy fluxes and canopy structure. We illustrate this framework for forest sites with contrasting canopy structure that ranges from simple, open, and savanna‐like to complex and closed, representative of tropical wet forest, within two climatically distinct regions in the Amazon. Using a recently developed rapid field assessment approach, we quantify differences in cover, leaf area vertical profiles, surface roughness, albedo, and energy balance partitioning between adjacent sites and compare canopy structure with adjacent old‐growth forest; more structurally simple forests displayed lower net radiation. To address forest–atmosphere feedback, we also consider the effects of canopy structure change on susceptibility to additional future disturbance. We illustrate a converse transition—recovery in structure following disturbance—measuring forest canopy structure 10 yr after the imposition of a 5‐yr drought in the ground‐breaking Seca Floresta experiment. Our approach strategically enables rapid characterization of surface properties relevant to vegetation models following degradation, and advances links between surface properties and canopy structure variables, increasingly available from remote sensing. Concluding, we hypothesize that understanding surface energy balance and microclimate change across degraded tropical forest states not only reveals critical atmospheric forcing, but also critical local‐scale feedbacks from forest sensitivity to additional climate‐linked disturbance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Ecosyndemics: The potential synergistic health impacts of highways and dams in the Amazon(Elsevier, 2020-05-15)Ecosyndemics refer to disease interactions that result from environmental changes commonly caused by humans. In this paper, we push scholarship on ecosyndemics into new territory by using the ecosyndemic framework to compare two case studies—the Southern Interoceanic highway in Peru and the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam in Brazil—to assess the likelihood of socio-environmental factors interacting and leading to ill health in a syndemic fashion. Assessing these two case studies using an ecosyndemic perspective, we find that the construction of dams and highways in tropical forests create the conditions for increases in vector-borne illnesses, surges in sex work and sexually-transmitted infections, and increased psychological stress resulting from violence, delinquency, and the erosion of social cohesion. We suggest that these processes could interact synergistically to increase an individual's immune burden and a population's overall morbidity. However, we find differences in the impacts of the Interoceanic highway and the Belo Monte dam on food, water, and cultural systems, and observed that community and corporate-level actions may bolster health in the face of rapid socio-ecological change. Looking at the case studies together, a complex picture of vulnerability and resilience, risk and opportunity, complicates straight-forward predictions of ecosyndemic interactions resulting from these development projects but highlights the role that the ecosyndemic concept can play in informing health impact assessments and future research. We conclude by proposing a conceptual model of the potential interactions between psychological stress, vector-borne illnesses, and sexaully-transmitted infections and suggest that future investigations of synergistic interactions among these factors draw from the biological, social, and ecological sciences. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, “Climate change might have caused our small harvest”: indigenous vulnerability, livelihoods, and environmental changes in lowland and high jungle indigenous communities in Peru(Springer Science+Business Media, 2021-09-15)The purpose of this article is to analyze how indigenous livelihoods are challenged by the global phenomenon of climate change while paying particular attention to how historically shaped, non-climatic factors influence how climate change is experienced in the Peruvian Amazon. In this sense, we will address indigenous people’s lived experiences of climate variations using a theoretical framework based on concepts of vulnerability. Methodologically, we draw on both a recent literature review and fieldwork conducted during 2015 and 2016 with two Kukama Kukamiria communities in Loreto (low jungle) and three Ashaninka communities in Junín (high jungle). After describing our theoretical framework and qualitative methods, we discuss the economic history of the addressed areas and show how non-climatic factors, such as colonialism, influence these communities’ experiences. This context allows us to better understand indigenous people’s experience of seasonal variations, precipitations and climatic events, its effect on their livelihoods, and their adaptive strategies in response to challenges imposed by climate unpredictability and broader transformations in their territories. Our conclusions are twofold: (a) addressing climate change must incorporate multiple temporal and spatial scales and (b) non-climatic factors are integral to understanding the role of climate change vulnerability of indigenous population. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, One and three forests: understanding institutional diversity in Amazonian protected areas(Elsevier, 2021-12-01)We offer an ethnographic account of how forest conservation is diversely assembled at the contiguous Tambopata National Reserve and Bahuaja Sonene National Park, biodiversity hotspots in the southern Peruvian Amazon. In so doing, and revising Elinor Ostrom and collaborators' Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework, we put together a theory framework of forest institutional change, informed by assemblage perspectives. Given the context of high world society interest in the Amazon and low spatial reach of the Peruvian state, charismatic wildlife watching and scientific investigation, Brazil nuts harvest, and gold mining shape the customizing of conservation assemblages. Institutional change is the result of how Peruvian State and diverse local groups adapt, resist and reconfigure through the ongoing practices of assemblage, which are pulled by conservation and commodification forces. Responding to the IAD framework, we propose institutional diversity fundamentally means that practices of assemblage are neither uniform, nor static. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Limited state governance and institutional hybridization in alluvial ASM in Peru(Elsevier, 2021-08-01)In the Peruvian Amazon region, mining activities have contaminated land, riverbeds and shores, including in protected areas, causing serious social and environmental impacts. Against this backdrop the Peruvian state decided to implement a formalization plan to regulate small-scale mining and to eradicate mining activities in conservation areas. After years of protests, negotiations and military campaigns in the so-called war against illegal mining fought by the media and central state authorities, the formalization plan for small-scale gold mining in the Amazon has not fulfilled its stated objectives. This article explores the reasons behind the impacts of the formalization process on local governance and institutions. The author argues that the inability of the Peruvian state to effectively apply formalization regulations and laws is explained by limitations in regional governance and also the emergence of local powers which have contested state authority. In addition, the article asserts that state intervention has triggered processes of institutional hybridization which are transforming the rules for governing mining activities. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, An assessment of competing factors for fluvial incision: an example of the late Quaternary exorheic Moyobamba basin, Peruvian Subandes(Elsevier, 2021-05-01)Three competing factors for late Quaternary fluvial incision in the Moyobamba piggyback basin, located in the northeastern Peruvian Subandes, were investigated, namely base-level change as a result of basin opening, changes in the ratio sediment load:discharge (Qs: Qw) controlled by orbital and suborbital climate cyclicity, and thrust-related tectonic uplift. To assess the relative importance of these factors, the fluvial terrace staircases of five rivers were studied in terms of their sedimentology, stratigraphy and geomorphology. A new dataset of eight Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and four 14C ages shows that the final phase of endorheic alluvial fan aggradation lasted until 18.0 ± 1.4 ka, after which basin-wide incision occurred. Incision at the basin outlet as a result of adaptation to the new base level is decoupled from the observed incision in the middle and upper parts of the basin. There, incision is the result of a northwestward increase in uplift related to movements of the Cerro Blanco thrust at the western border of the Moyobamba basin. Incision was continuous from 18 ± 1.4 ka until 10.3 ± 0.7 ka without terrace formation, but between 10.3 ± 0.7 ka and 5.5 ± 0.4 ka up to four terrace levels were formed. Deposition of fluvial terrace sediments may have occurred during short periods characterised by a more intense South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) controlled by suborbital climate cyclicity, but a more precise age control is needed to confirm this theory. Precession-controlled, increased Holocene aridification between 10.3 ± 0.7 ka and 5.5 ± 0.4 ka may have resulted in a decrease in the ratio Qs: Qw leading to a five-fold increase in fluvial incision rates of up to 6.0 mm a−1 and flattening of terrace profile gradients with rates of up to 2.6 mm a−1. After 5.5 ± 0.4 ka, rates dropped again. Over longer timescales, movement of the Cerro Blanco thrust caused basin-wide uplift and fluvial incision at a more constant pace. During the past ~20 ka, incision increases from the southwest basin border towards the northwestern basin border with corresponding uplift rates increasing from 0.2−0.2+0.3 mm a−1 to 2.1−0.2+0.2 mm a−1; and with shortening rates increasing northwestward from 0.2−0.2+0.4 mm a−1 to 2.8−0.2+0.3 mm a−1. The highest, presented uplift rates are in agreement with independently published data for our study area. Our data shows that over longer timescales of ~20 ka, incision rates can be used as proxies for tectonic uplift, but over shorter timescales incision rates may be seriously affected by climate change and cannot be used to infer uplift rates. It is further suggested that continuous uplift and erosion of the Cerro Blanco thrust system, and subsequent sedimentation in the basin, in combination with increased precipitation during Heinrich events 1 and 2 and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), led to basin overflow. Simultaneously, river capture through headward erosion, guided by strike-slip faulting, may have led to the definitive opening up of the Moyobamba basin. To our knowledge, this is the first time that late Quaternary basin opening has been demonstrated for the South American Andes and one of the few, known cases worldwide. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Measuring incommensurability: compensations in judicial processes of oil spills in Northern Peruvian Amazon(Routledge, 2022-01-01)The increasing number of claims filed by Indigenous peoples against pollution caused by extractive industries makes the challenge of factualizing and measuring the damage caused in their territories necessary. In Peru, the Kukama Kukamiria people are among the most affected by the various spills from the North Peruvian Pipeline since its construction, one of the most well-known occurred in the lower Marañón River in 2014. This paper is about the efforts and limitations involved in aligning the Kukama Kukamiria’s experiences with the criteria and frameworks for measuring damage and compensation amid the toxic environment and the complicated time and space of late capitalism. Based on ethnographic research and considering the judicial processes, the analysis found that compensation became a tool of dispute in which incommensurable Indigenous worlds emerged to claim for their incommensurability to exist. But in the Peruvian neoliberal and extractive context, compensation also became a technique for governing Indigenous lives and natures in a way that excludes those worlds. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Mercury pollution in Peru: geographic distribution, health hazards, and sustainable removal technologies(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022-08-01)Peru is one of the great gold producers worldwide. However, a significant portion of the gold produced in Peru derives from artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Andes and Amazon. In ASGM, gold amalgamation with mercury (Hg) is a critical procedure to refine gold through the formation of Au-Hg alloys. Due to the rudimentary and improvised techniques conducted by small-scale and informal miners, Hg contamination has become of great concern and is strictly associated with ASGM. Multiple studies have evidenced notably high concentrations of Hg in consumable fish species, rivers, sediments, and air in locations where ASGM is one of the main sources of income to local communities and is carried out aggressively. In the present review, we have conducted a systematic search for national and international literature reporting the concentration and distribution of Hg pollution across environmental compartments, biota, and human samples in Peru. The results and data retrieved from the articles were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, and the distribution of Hg across environmental compartments was visualized through a geographic information system. Additionally, we reviewed the use of adsorption techniques as alternatives to treat Hg0 vapor from the gold shop and smelter flues, one of the main sources of hazardous levels of Hg exposure. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Forest as ‘nature’ or forest as territory? Knowledge, power, and climate change conservation in the Peruvian Amazon(Taylor & Francis, 2022-10-30)This paper examines the implications of climate crisis governance for rural communities in the Amazon of Peru. It draws the attention to the shared political economy behind the resistance of diverse rural populations particularly, Indigenous and Colono communities. Based on an analysis of two local conservation interventions in the region of San Martín—one involving indigenous communities and the other peasant settlers—this study argues that narrow authorized knowledge obscures the wider historical and agrarian macro context of uneven institutional and ecological arrangements that lead to the reproduction of injustices related to the land, the underlying causes of deforestation, and the authoritarian relationships of these local communities with the state. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Planning for autonomy and conservation: ‘Life Plans’ and communal reserves in the Amazonian borders of Peru(Routledge, 2024-01-01)State-promoted biodiversity conservation can either align with or diverge from Indigenous Peoples’ priorities, knowledge, and self-determined development paths. Drawing on fieldwork at the Amazon borders of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, this paper examines Indigenous organizations’ efforts to uphold territorial rights and pursue planning with Indigenous values in landscapes earmarked for conservation. The key question centers on how ‘border configurations’ affect grassroots planning and conservation focusing on the experience of Peruvian Secoya (Siékopai) People. Using expert interviews and ethnographic methods, the paper finds that conservation agencies risk losing credibility without genuine efforts toward social equity and well-being, constrained by mandates that often neglect local needs. The success of Life Plans depends on solidarity networks that balance conservation with viable economic alternatives, equitable power dynamics, and access to services. Ultimately, the paper shows that Life Plans empower Indigenous organizations, offering meaningful options for political self-representation within Amazonian conservation.