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    High-permittivity polymer–matrix composites for the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with enhanced performance: A review
    (Springer, 2024-08-01)
    In recent years, the rapid increase in low-power electronics has shifted research focus towards new energy-harvesting devices. Triboelectric energy-harvesting technologies, such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), offer an efficient way to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the triboelectric effect. Polymers are used to fabricate crucial components in TENGs, acting as the triboelectric layers and storing electric charge. The dielectric properties of these polymers significantly influence the energy conversion capabilities of TENGs. High-permittivity polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been studied for energy storage, such as capacitors, supercapacitors, and solar cells among others. These high-permittivity polymer composites can also be used to develop novel TENGs with high output performance. This paper reviews the development of high-dielectric-permittivity polymeric composites to be used as active triboelectric surfaces for TENGs with enhanced output performance. One strategy involves incorporating inorganic materials, semiconductors, conductors, and carbon-derived materials as an active phase within the polymer matrix. Other strategies, including the usage of polymeric fillers, coating, polarization, and ion implantation techniques, are also reported. This review may serve as a reference for optimizing polymer-based dielectrics in energy-harvesting-related areas. Through a deeper understanding of these techniques and materials, we can enhance the performance of TENGs to achieve high output efficiency.
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    Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Fabrication of Triboelectric Nano-Generators (TENGs)—A Review
    (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-11-01)
    Growth in population and increased environmental awareness demand the emergence of new energy sources with low environmental impact. Lignocellulosic biomass is mainly composed of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. These materials have been used in the energy industry for the production of biofuels as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. However, their use in the fabrication of small electronic devices is still under development. Lignocellulose-based triboelectric nanogenerators (LC-TENGs) have emerged as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional batteries, which are mainly composed of harmful and non-degradable materials. These LC-TENGs use lignocellulose-based components, which serve as electrodes or triboelectric active materials. These materials can be derived from bulk materials such as wood, seeds, or leaves, or they can be derived from waste materials from the timber industry, agriculture, or recycled urban materials. LC-TENG devices represent an eco-friendly, low-cost, and effective mechanism for harvesting environmental mechanical energy to generate electricity, enabling the development of self-powered devices and sensors. In this study, a comprehensive review of lignocellulosic-based materials was conducted to highlight their use as both electrodes and triboelectric active surfaces in the development of novel eco-friendly triboelectric nano-generators (LC-TENGs). The composition of lignocellulose and the classification and applications of LC-TENGs are discussed.
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    ULVAN FROM ULVA NEMATOIDEA AS A NOVEL ACTIVE SURFACE MATERIAL FOR TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS
    (Cisa Publisher - Eurowaste Srl, 2025-03-01)
    Marine algae represent an underutilized biomass resource. Biopolymers can be extracted from different types of algae. Alginates and carrageenans are among the most common biopolymers extracted from brown and red algae. They find applications in the food and biomaterials industries, among others. However, other available marine algae are not commercially exploited. For instance, green algae from the Ulvaceae family remain largely unexploited and have no industrial applications. In particular, Ulva species can serve as a promising source for the extraction of a biopolymer known as ulvan. This work reports the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for energy harvesting applications using ulvan extracted from the green algae Ulva nematoidea. Ulvan was extracted via an alkaline method. The extracted ulvan was dissolved in water, poured into petri dishes, and dried to form thin films. TENGs were prepared using Ulvan-Kapton® and Ulvan-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) triboelectric pairs. The Ulvan-Kapton® TENG showed a maximum voltage of 2.12 V and a short-circuit current of 1.6 µA while the Ulvan-PTFE TENG showed a maximum voltage of 43.60 V and a short-circuit current of 5.6 µA. This performance is similar to the performance of other TENGs fabricated from commercial biopolymers. This suggest that ulvan extracted from Ulva nematoidea have potential applications as active surface of TENGs for the development of sustainable energy harvesting devices. This work shows that bio-based materials from green algae can serve as a potential alternative for renewable energy generation. Further research will allow to enhance mechanical properties, electrical performance, and durability of ulvan-based TENGs to improve their practical applicability.
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