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Derecho a la salud, cáncer y política fiscal en el Perú
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 2018-01)
El Perú registra grandes desigualdades sociales y un bajo gasto público en salud. Ha avanzado en enfermedades trasmisibles y salud materno-infantil, pero las no trasmisibles hoy constituyen tres quintas partes de la carga de enfermedad y hay 45 mil nuevos casos de cáncer al año. La baja inversión social y centralización de la atención del cáncer discriminan contra los indígenas. Un tercio de limeñas ha hecho mamografía en los últimos 2 años pero apenas 4% en zonas rurales. La cobertura del Papanicolaou, un examen preventivo básico, llega solo a 50% en sierra y selva. En Lima se concentran casi tres de cada cuatro de los especialistas y hay un alto costo del tratamiento. Habiendo gozado el Perú del boom de las materias primas, el Estado ha actuado de manera tardía e insuficiente ante el cáncer. Recién a partir de 2012, luego de 8 años de auge fiscal, se estableció un programa público de prevención y control. El cáncer da cuenta del 18% de las muertes en el Perú, pero menos del 6% presupuesto en salud, apenas 0,12% del PBI. Mientras entre 2008 y 2012 la recaudación tributaria aumentó de USD 13 mil a 26 mil millones anuales, en 2012 el programa contra el cáncer solo recibía 130 millones anuales. Desde el 2014 la recaudación tributaria ha caído y el gobierno ha frenado el gasto en salud y en especial en cáncer, que ha registrado reducciones presupuestales el 2016 y 2017. Peru is a country of great social inequalities and low public expenditure in health. There have been advances in communicable diseases and maternal and infant health, but non-communicable diseases constitute 60 per cent of the burden of disease and there are 45 000 new cancer cases per year. Low social investment and a centralized system of cancer care discriminate against indigenous people. One third of women en Lima have had a mammography in the last two years but only 4 per cent in total areas. Papanicolau, a basic preventive exam for cervix cancer, covers only 50% of women in the Andean and jungle regions. Lima concentrates three of every four cancer specialists and the costs of treatment are high. Having Peru benefit from the commodities prices boom in the last decade, the policy against cancer has been slow and insufficient. Only from 2012, after eight years of fiscal plenty, a public program against cancer was established. Cancer accounts for 18% of all deaths in Peru but less than 6%of the national health budget, equivalent to only 0,12% of GDP. Between 2008 and 2012 fiscal revenues increased from USD 13,000 to 26,000 million, however, in 2012 the budget for cancer was only USD 130 million. Since 2014 fiscal revenues have gone down and the government has reduced the budget for cancer in 2016 and 2017.
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Políticas públicas orientadas a la prevención y protección de la primera infancia en el Perú
(Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón, 2022-01-05)
The implementation of public policies for risk prevention and protection of early childhood continues to be a major challenge for Latin American countries. Although there are international and national regulatory frameworks, policies require articulated multisectoral management with a holistic approach, focusing on developing competencies in those involved in child development: family, school, and community. This process also involves a paradigm shift, banishing the needs-based approach and assuming the human rights-based approach from the perspective of diverse childhoods. The existing regulatory frameworks are still discursive, not operational enough, and disjointed at the different levels of government. This research analyzes the international and national efforts that allowed public policy implementation and reveals how much is being done and how little progress is being made to achieve short and medium-term results that will benefit early childhood.
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Interrumpir la interculturalidad
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-06-18)
This article reviews the debate around the category of interculturality to highlight its theoretical achievements and its current relevance in public policy. However, it also attempts to show its limits, contradictions and aporias. Beyond asking what interculturality refers to, it reviews how it is used and what effects it has in the spaces where it is implemented. The ideas arise from a permanent observation of different projects, although this is not ethnographic research. In this case, it has been of interest to place the theoretical discussion in the foreground.
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The Lancet Countdown South America: Increasing Health Opportunities by Identifying the Gaps in Health and Climate Change Research
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-10-01)
South America is experiencing the effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. These effects interact with existing social vulnerabilities, exacerbating their impact on the health and wellbeing of populations. This viewpoint highlights four main messages from the series, which presented key gaps from five different perspectives of health and climate. First, there is an overall need for local analyses of priority topics to inform public policy, which include national and sub-national evidence to adequately strengthen responses and preparedness for climate change hazards and address relevant social vulnerabilities in South American countries. Second, research in health and climate is done in silos and the intersection is not clear in terms of responsibility and leadership; therefore, transdisciplinary research and action are key. Third, climate research, policies, and action need to be reflected in effective funding schemes, which until now are very limited. For adaptation and mitigation policies to be effective, they need a robust and long-term funding scheme. Finally, climate action is a big opportunity for healthier and more prosperous societies in South America, taking the advantage of strategic climate policies to face the challenges of climate change and tackle existing social inequities.
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When Scaling Up Isn't Enough: The Impacts of Peru's Mental Health Care Reform on Adolescents
(National Institutes of Health, 2025-12-01)
In the last 15 years, coalitions of individuals and institutions worldwide have been calling for global policies to close the treatment gap for people living with mental disorders. This paper seeks to contribute to the literature on the effects of the diffusion of these global mental health polices by exploring their implementation and impact in Peru. Aligned with the Movement for Global Mental Health, Peru has carried out a mental health reform aimed at scaling up mental health care in public facilities. Using the human rights-based framework of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality, this paper examines the reform's effects on a population prioritized by global and Peruvian policies: adolescents. The analysis, based on qualitative research, illustrates how the reform's overemphasis on scaling up access to pharmaceutical treatment neglects critical issues such as health system capacity, the availability of trained human resources, the need for intercultural approaches tailored to adolescents, and information systems that adequately monitor policy impact. The analysis also highlights how a reform that promotes pharmacological treatment creates risks of abuse by private actors involved in the marketing of psychiatric medications.
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Spatial and temporal mapping of transport emissions and application of air quality models using low cost sensor data
(Elsevier BV, 2025-10-10)
Traffic-related atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and toxic air pollutants (AP) are a serious environmental problem that affects climate change and air quality in megacities. About 80 % of air pollution in São Paulo comes from vehicles. This work aimed to develop a methodology using a traffic demand model for GHG and AP inventories of vehicular emissions and demonstrate its applicability to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) as a part of regional air quality and climate change modelling. These high-resolution emission inventories also allow identifying hot spots of air pollution and poor air quality with a spatial resolution of 0.5 km and temporal resolution of 1 h. With this, we also intend to develop an approach for the validation of the emission model through low cost sensor measurements. These sensors will be placed through the MASP close to the identified vehicle emission hot spots to continuously measure over one-year duration to address a novel question on how the low-cost sensors data can be applied for improving the model performance and air quality monitoring. This paper integrates two approaches: the vehicle emission and air quality modeling and the use of low-cost sensors for model validation and develop novel approaches for high-resolution spatial mapping. This work provided a basis for establishing sound climate change policies in other areas such as public health and urban planning. These high-resolution emission inventories also allowed identifying hot spots of air pollution and poor air quality with a spatial resolution of 0.5 km and temporal resolution of 1 h. Data from sensors NOTS were compared with reference data obtained from the Osasco monitoring network website and data from devices at other nearby air quality monitoring stations. This comparison made it possible to determine the errors for adjusting the calibration model in the field.The calibration of the NOTS platforms considered the co-location between the NOTS devices and the CETESB monitor platform.
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Propuesta de creación de un Observatorio de Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial y Museos en el Perú
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2025-11-28)
This article sets out the proposal to establish an Observatory for Intangible Cultural Heritage and Museums of Peru, conceived as a space for research, coordination, and cultural management. It also reflects on the historical processes of heritage-making and the challenge of ensuring the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. The Observatory seeks to integrate digital tools for inventory creation, data analysis, and innovation, with a territorial approach that positions regional museums as nodes of citizen participation and decentralization. It is envisaged as a platform capable of systematizing information, generating cultural indicators, and fostering community participation in heritage safeguarding.
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Preferences for redistribution policies among politicians and citizens
(London School of Economics and Political Science, 2025-11-04)
This paper compares the “mental maps” of redistribution among politicians and citizens across seven parliaments, using original in-person surveys of sitting MPs and nationally representative citizen samples. Fairness beliefs and ideology are the strongest correlates of support for redistribution in both groups, while misperceptions of wealth concentration matter for citizens but much less for politicians. A central finding is that politicians hold markedly more polarized views on redistribution than citizens, including within the same party families. We also find systematic elite–voter gaps: left MPs are more supportive than their voters (notably on inheritance taxation), whereas right/liberal MPs are less supportive than theirs. These patterns point to a representation concern and a bargaining space among elites that is narrower than in the electorate.
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Policy Capabilities for Driving Sustainable Development: A Comparison of Two Regional Governments in Peru
(Universidad del Pacifico, 2025-07-30)
A 20 años de la creación de los Gobiernos regionales (GORE) peruanos, esta investigación identifica factores que pueden explicar el logro de distintos niveles de capacidades de políticas para el desarrollo, partiendo de marcos normativos y organizacionales similares. El estudio examina las capacidades marcadamente diferentes que alcanzaron dos GORE amazónicos hasta 2018: San Martín y Madre de Dios. Los hallazgos sugieren que factores estructurales e institucionales que preceden a la creación de estos Gobiernos son fundamentales para entender sus trayectorias distintas, en igual o mayor medida que decisiones de actores regionales o reglas aplicadas desde la creación de los GORE.
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How many democratic countries have conducted COVID-19 public inquiries? An exploratory study of government-led postpandemic reviews (2020–2024)
(BMJ Publishing Group, 2025-07-01)
Introduction: Many governments have initiated national inquiries into their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lessons drawn from them will matter for public health policies. While these inquiries represent an opportunity for policy learning, there may also be obstacles. This study helps to explore these opportunities and obstacles by providing an initial survey of COVID-19 inquiries. Methods: We collected a novel data set of national COVID-19 inquiries in democratic countries, taking note of their type, membership, timing, mandate and whether their terms of reference asked the inquiry to consider the adequacy of the government pandemic response as well as the collateral harms arising from government interventions. We conducted a series of panel logit analyses to examine the extent to which country-level factors-such as the level of democracy and executive oversight, centralisation of executive power and economic development-were associated with the likelihood of appointing a COVID-19 inquiry. Results: We found 32 national COVID-19 inquiries, held in 25 (32%) of the countries in our data set, which included 78 countries with a score of at least 0.6 on the 2019 Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Electoral Democracy Index. Of the 32 national inquiries, 14 (44%) were public inquiries (proper), 15 (47%) were inquiries conducted by parliamentary committees and 3 (9%) were another type of inquiry. The earliest public inquiries (proper) were launched in the first half of 2020 in the Scandinavian countries. Generally, countries were slightly quicker to establish parliamentary committee inquiries than public inquiries proper. Many democracies, such as Canada, have yet to initiate one at all.A country's probability of initiating a COVID-19 inquiry was positively correlated with its level of democracy, gross domestic product per capita and executive oversight, but negatively correlated with higher values of the V-Dem index of presidentialism. These correlations were significant once we controlled for multicollinearity. The vast majority of inquiries (77%) were appointed in 2020 and 2021. Most inquiries' terms of reference were relatively open-ended, with few specifically demanding an examination of policy adequacy and most urging some sort of investigation into the COVID-19 measures' collateral harms. Conclusion: Although slightly less than a third of countries in our sample have initiated inquiries into their COVID-19 response, those that have tend to mention collateral harms in their terms of reference, but not policy inadequacy. Our exploratory study should be followed by fine-grained textual analyses of individual inquiries.
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