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Living Costs and Real Wages in Nineteenth Century Lima: Levels and International Comparisons
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2020-07-01)
This article provides new evidence on salaries and living standards of low-skilled workers in Lima in 1825–73. During this period, low-skilled workers in Lima could cover their basic needs. Real salaries increased in the early-1830s, but declined in the following decades. Real salaries declined during the Guano Era in spite of the commercial bonanza. An international comparison shows that Lima had lower living standards than Northern Europe and Australia, but higher than Asia. In most of the nineteenth century, Peru and other Latin American economies had higher welfare ratios than China, India, and Japan.
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Agroalimentación dependiente y opciones de reactivación
(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Departamento de Economía, 1989-07)
Propone alternativas de política de corto plazo para superar en estancamiento de la producción agropecuaria nacional. Esto implica que la política de corto plazo debe ser coherente con una de largo plazo para que tenga éxito. Aunque este trabajo prioriza la influencia de la política económica (precios, importaciones,subsidios, tasa de cambio, tasa de interés, etc.) no debe olvidarse que existen otros factores que influyen en la producción agropecuaria como la tenencia de la tierra, los recursos naturales y la naturaleza y racionalidad de los productores agropecuarios, principalmente. Short term policy options are proposed to overcome Peru’s stagnating agricultural output. The implication is that to succeed any short term policy should be consistent with a long term one. Although this paper focuses on the influence of economic policy making (prices, imports, subsidies, exchange rate, interest rate, and others), other factors that have an impact on agricultural output must not be disregarded such as the land tenure system, natural resources endowment, nature itself anf the agricultural industrialists’ rationale, principally.
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Economic growth, nutrition and living standards in 19th century Lima: new estimates of welfare ratios using a linear programming model
(Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. Jose Maria Luis Mora, 2021-01-01)
This study relies on a linear programming model to estimate welfare ratios in 19th century Lima. By using a linear programming model, the food basket guarantees the intake of basic nutrients at the minimum cost. The subsistence cost includes the cost of food and other basic needs. The estimates show that low-skilled workers in Lima were able to cover their basic needs in 1800-1875. The results also show that living standards of low-skilled workers declined during the Guano Era. Living standards in Lima, however, compared favorably to several cities in Europe.
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Prices, wages and living standards in Spain in the modern era
(Cambridge University Press, 2024-09-01)
This study relies on a linear programming model to estimate welfare ratios in Spain between 1600 and 1800. This method is used to find the food basket that guaranteed the intake of basic nutrients at the lowest cost. The estimates show that working families in Toledo had higher welfare ratios than in those in Barcelona. In addition, the welfare ratios of Spain were always below those of London and Amsterdam. The divergence between Northern Europe and Spain started before the Industrial Revolution and increased over time.
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Wages, Prices and Living Standards in Spanish America: Evidence from Lima
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2023-12-07)
By relying on information on wages from primary sources, I estimate welfare ratios in Lima in 1757–1819. I use two alternative methods to estimate the subsistence basket and welfare ratios. The results indicate that working families in Lima faced severe difficulties to cover their basic needs if they did not deviate from typical consumption habits. However, they could cover their nutritional and other basic needs if they replaced expensive foods, such as meats and bread, with cheaper sources of nutrients, such as maize flour. An international comparison shows that the welfare ratio in Lima was lower than the ratios in Northern Europe and North America. However, Lima compared well to several important European cities, such as Paris, Munich and Toledo.
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Wages, prices and living standards in a growing economy. The case of Boston, Massachusetts
(Department of Economic History and Institutions, Policy and World Economy, 2025-07-15)
This study analyzes the living standards of laborers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1785–1900. Using a linear programming model, I determine the food basket that provided a balanced nutrition at the lowest possible cost. Then, I estimate the welfare ratio of laborers. The evidence shows that laborers in Boston earned enough to cover their basic needs, and that their real wages increased in the nineteenth century. The results also show that the welfare ratio of laborers in Boston was higher than the ratios in several European cities. Boston can be considered a high-wage economy in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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