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Item type:Publication, Atmospheric water generator: Design for rural zones with low and medium humidity level(South Florida Publishing LLC, 2024-07-08)Water shortage is one of the major issues in the world. The consequences can impact negatively on the develop of a location. Puno is an arid region located in Peru. There have been different problems related to water shortage in recent years. Some communities use a waterhole filled by precipitation as a source of water. This is usually far from their communities, then they have to transport manually buckets of water by waking. In this paper, we establish a design procedure of an atmospheric water generator (AWG) located at Puno with a capacity of 40L per day in order to deal with the water shortage. Current AWGs are designed for locations with favorable climatic conditions as high relative humidity (RH). However, they wouldn't be able to operate in dried seasons as at Puno with RH under 25%. An adsorption process is implemented as an additional module in order to compensate the low ambient temperature and RH during the worst climatic conditions from June to August. An analytic model of dehumidification by a heat exchanger was developed in order to quantify influence of parameters as climatic conditions and mass fluxes. Results showed that the design is capable to produce water during all the variable climactic conditions over the year. Numerical simulations of the analytic model indicated that the system can produce water by direct cooling in most months without the support of adsorption process. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Rethinking Water Sustainability: Precipitation Changes in the Peruvian Andes in the Face of Climate Change(2023-06-13)In high-altitude regions, such as the Peruvian Andes, understanding the transformation of precipitation types under climate change is critical to the sustainability of water resources and the survival of glaciers. Conventional wisdom has primarily focused on the snow-rain dichotomy, often overlooking the potential importance of graupel and hail. In this study, we offer a fresh perspective on this issue, investigating the distribution and types of precipitation on a tropical glacier in the Central Andes. We utilized data from an optical-laser disdrometer and compact weather station installed at 4709 m ASL, combined with future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, to model potential future changes in precipitation, including the often-ignored hydrometeor forms of graupel and hail. Our findings highlight that increasing temperatures could lead to significant reductions in solid-phase precipitation, including graupel and hail, with implications for the mass balance of Andean glaciers. For instance, a 2°C rise might result in less than 10\% of precipitation as solid, transforming the hydrological processes of the region. The two future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, offer a broad perspective on potential climate outcomes that could impact precipitation patterns in the Andes. Our study underscores the need to revisit and expand our understanding of high-altitude precipitation in the face of climate change, paving the way for improved water resource management strategies and sustainable glacier preservation efforts in these fragile ecosystems. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Recent hydroclimate changes in a tropical-subtropical Andean-lowland transitional region (1981–2024): Implications to Pilcomayo River(Elsevier BV, 2026-02-01)Study region The Pilcomayo River Basin, located within the tropical–subtropical transition zone of South America, spans from the Bolivian Andes to the Chaco lowlands. The basin's marked topographic gradient and socio-environmental vulnerability make it a representative case of Andean-lowland hydroclimatic interactions. Study focus This study characterizes seasonal precipitation regimes of the Pilcomayo River Basin (1981–2024) and their links to atmospheric circulation patterns (CPs). The objectives were to (i) characterize the annual precipitation cycle across homogeneous regions and (ii) assess CPs influence on seasonal cycles and trends. CPs were identified using weather classification techniques of daily winds at 850 and 200 hPa. New hydrological insights for the region The analysis reveals three hydroclimatic regions (Andean, Transitional, and Lowlands) with distinct seasonal cycles. Nine CPs were identified, reflecting vertically coupled atmospheric modes that influence the basin's precipitation variability. They include three wet (W1-W3, predominant in austral summer), four dry (D1-D4, austral winter), and two transitional patterns (Tdw and Twd). A significant decline in austral spring (SON) precipitation was detected in the Transitional region (p < 0.05), representing a 28 % reduction over the study period. It is associated with an increased frequency of a dry CP (D1, p < 0.05) and a reduced occurrence of a wet CP (W1, p < 0.1). These changes are linked to shifts in large-scale ocean-atmosphere interactions, including the strength of Hadley and Walker circulations and tropical Atlantic warming.1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Long-term basin trends confirm a record 2022–2024 hydrological drought and water-storage losses in western Amazonia(Elsevier BV, 2025-12-01)Western Amazonia, including the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon-Andes transition zone, within the contributing basin of the Tamshiyacu hydrological station near the Marañón–Ucayali confluence, contributing ∼16 % of Amazon discharge (32,000 m³ s⁻¹). This study follows a three-part methodology: (i) establishing a long-term historical baseline by evaluating trends in precipitation (1981–2024), runoff (1984–2024), and high-runoff season timing (1984–2024); (ii) characterizing recent rainfall anomalies in the 2022–2024 period; and (iii) diagnosing the 2022–2024 drought's hydrological impacts using standardized indices (SRI) and water storage anomalies. This study first establishes critical long-term (1981–2024) trends, revealing a significant delay in the onset of the high-runoff season (12 days/decade) and a significant decrease in low-flow season discharge (−116.3 m³ s⁻¹ yr⁻¹). This trend analysis provided the necessary historical context, revealing long-term vulnerability that was exacerbated by the 2022–2024 drought, driven by persistent precipitation deficits. The drought's impacts were unprecedented: the drought lasted a record 24 months (SRI-6), TWS anomalies reached their lowest level on record (below −15 cm), and discharge collapsed below 10,000 m³ s⁻¹ by August 2024. These findings underscore the region's growing vulnerability and the urgent need for adaptive water resource management. • The 2022–2024 Amazon drought lasted 24 months, the longest on record. • High-runoff season onset delayed by 12 days per decade from 1984 to 2024. • Terrestrial and groundwater storage showed depletion, worsening water scarcity.4 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Impact of Extreme Droughts on the Water Balance in the Peruvian–Ecuadorian Amazon Basin (2003–2024)(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-11-01)This study assesses the impact of extreme droughts on the surface and atmospheric water balance of the Peruvian Amazon basin during 2003–2024. It extends previous work by incorporating multiple datasets for precipitation (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and ERA5) and evapotranspiration (ERA5, GLDAS, Amazon-Paca, and observations from the Quistococha flux tower) and comparing three drought indices: Maximum Cumulative Water Deficit (MCWD), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI). The study focuses on the Peruvian–Ecuadorian Amazon basin, particularly on the Amazon and Madre de Dios river basins, closing at Tamshiyacu and Amaru Mayu stations, respectively. The results confirm four extreme drought years (2004–2005, 2009–2010, 2022–2023, and 2023–2024) with major precipitation deficits in dry seasons and significant reductions in runoff and total water storage anomalies (TWSAs), physically manifesting as negative surface balances indicating net terrestrial water depletion and negative atmospheric balances reflecting reduced moisture convergence, with residuals signaling hydrological uncertainties. The study highlights significant imbalances in the water cycle during droughts and underscores the need to use multiple indicators and datasets to accurately assess hydrological responses under extreme climatic conditions in the Amazon basin.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Extreme Droughts in the Peruvian Amazon Region (2000–2024)(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-06-01)Droughts in the Amazon region are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, which would negatively affect the tropical forest, leading to a positive climate–forest feedback loop that could potentially result in the collapse of this ecosystem. In this study, extreme drought conditions were identified in the Peruvian Amazon region for the period 2000–2024 using the maximum cumulative water deficit (MCWD) index, which is related to the tropical forest water stress. The ERA5, CHIRPS, and MSWEP datasets were used to estimate precipitation, while ERA5 data were used for evapotranspiration. This study focuses on the specificities of droughts and the differences across study areas. Six study areas were specified, three of them located in the Loreto department (northern Peruvian Amazon), another centered in Moyobamba city (western Peruvian Amazon), another in Ucayali, in the central Peruvian Amazon, and the other in Madre de Dios (southern Peruvian Amazon). It was found that the drought events are more frequent and intense in the central and southern regions of the basin. Based on the combined effect of the regional severity of the drought and its spatial extent, estimated from averaging across study areas and precipitation datasets, we identified the hydrological years of 2023-24, 2022-23, 2009-10, and 2004-05 as extreme droughts and 2015-16 and 2006-07 as moderate droughts.2 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Enhancing soil moisture and L–VOD retrievals over tropical forests by integrating spatio-temporal dynamic vegetation scattering albedo into SMOS-IC(RELX Group (Netherlands), 2025-01-01)1 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Simulating Stratiform Precipitation With Embedded Convection in High-Elevation Valleys Using LES: The Role of Topographic Detail(John Wiley and Sons, 2025)Precipitation dynamics in high‐elevation valleys of the central Andes are strongly modulated by complex terrain, which alters local circulation and cloud development. Here, we use the Cloud Model 1 (CM1) in large‐eddy simulation (LES) mode with a two‐moment microphysics scheme to examine the role of topographic detail on the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Mantaro Valley, Peru. Three terrain resolutions (450, 1,050, and 1,650 m) were tested under identical thermodynamic conditions derived from in situ soundings. In all cases, anabatic winds transported moisture upslope, but the fine‐resolution case generated larger amounts of ice, snow, and graupel within vortical structures, yielding rainfall that matched Ka‐band radar reflectivity profiles. In contrast, smoother terrains delayed cloud formation by 30–60 min and reduced ice‐phase particle production, confining precipitation to the eastern slopes. Wind vortex analysis revealed smaller upper‐level eddies (above 2 km AGL) in the high‐resolution case, promoting enhanced mixing and hydrometeor growth. These results demonstrate that subtle variations in terrain detail critically influence convection and stratiform precipitation processes in Andean valleys, underscoring the need for subkilometer representation of topography in high‐mountain rainfall modeling.1