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Item type:Publication, Cultivo de coca y minería ilegal en la Amazonía peruana(Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2024-12-02)This article provides a narrative synthesis of the academic literature on coca cultivation and illegal mining in the Peruvian Amazon. Through secondary sources, it analyzes the expansion of these illicit economies into the eastern Amazon. In addition, the article presents and discusses four myths about illicit economies prevalent in public debate and the media, which prevent an understanding of the complexity behind these phenomena. The myths revolve around i) a full understanding of the extent and distribution of coca cultivation and illegal mining, ii) the existence of a direct relationship between illicit economies and violence, iii) the role of indigenous peoples in the expansion of these activities and, finally, iv) the absence or limited presence of the State in these contexts. Based on a narrative review of the literature, this article uses the findings of recent empirical evidence to question the validity of these myths. The article concludes with research conclusions and recommendations for the study of illicit economies. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Alluvial Gold Mining, Conflicts, and State Intervention in Peru's Southern Amazonia(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-03-01)Artisanal and small-scale mining is one of the most degrading activities in the southern Peruvian Amazonia and its uncontrolled expansion has sparked conflicts over its exploitation, the distribution of profits, and their impacts. To analyze how State actions and other factors have triggered its misgovernment, conflicts, and environmental degradation, we constructed a chronology of events related to territorial occupation, gold exploitation, conflict evolution, and state intervention. The overlapping rights that the government assigns to the territory is one of the most controversial actions. For this reason the spatial distribution of mining, forestry, conservation, and property rights was analyzed using QGIS software. As results, we identified places with up to four rights or uses assigned by government institutions and state interventions that compound informality and chaos in the area. We conclude that the main causes of conflicts and misrule stem from weak state, evidenced by deficient services provided, the concession of incompatible usage rights over a single territory, and the enactment of regulations for purposes other than the public good. Finally, mining formalization has not been successful, because formality does not offer major advantages to the miners, being costly and bureaucratic, while informality is not an inconvenience for miners.