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    Nighttime High-Latitude Observations of Two-Stream Irregularities and Sporadic-E During the VortEx Sounding Rocket Campaign
    (Wiley, 2026-06-01)
    The Vorticity Experiment (VortEx) sounding rocket mission consisted of two campaigns from Andøya Space Center, with the science objective of correlating vorticity in both horizontal and vertical motions in the lower thermosphere‐mesosphere region, near the terrestrial turbopause. The first campaign (VortEx‐1) took place on 23 March 2023 while the second campaign (VortEx‐2) was conducted on 10 November 2024. The launch for each campaign consisted of an instrumented Terrier Improved Orion rocket aimed at measuring the plasma and neutral characteristics of the lower thermosphere along with another Black Brant IX rocket to disperse chemical tracer trails and obtain neutral wind in the lower thermosphere. In this paper, we primarily focus on the nighttime irregularities observed by the Langmuir probes on VortEx‐1 and VortEx‐2 in the vicinity of plasma enhancements in the E‐region during disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Electric field measurements along with plasma density spectrograms from the VortEx‐2 instrumented payload indicate that the two‐stream instability was likely the mechanism that produced the smaller‐scale features over tens of meters scales associated with a moderate electric field of 24 mV/m in the southwest direction during upleg, but the instabilities were not prominent during downleg when the electric field magnitude is lower. The two‐stream instability is also the likely mechanism for the irregularities observed with VortEx‐1. A zonal wind shear and an associated Sporadic‐E layer were observed during VortEx‐1 from the rocket and EISCAT measurements. The observations indicate dynamic changes in the high‐latitude ionosphere across spatial and temporal differences.
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    Gaps in tropical science from unrepresentative distribution of sampling and citation across natural terrestrial environments
    (Nature Portfolio, 2025-12-01)
    Effective environmental policies for the tropics depend on accurate, representative scientific data. However, there is strong evidence from particular disciplines and regions that existing research is patchily distributed. Here, we show that poor representation of sampling and citation in some biomes and across key environmental gradients from all disciplines for the entire tropics may lead to flawed scientific paradigms and inappropriate policy prescriptions. We map sampling locations and citations from 2 738 published studies in natural terrestrial tropical environments across all disciplines to identify gaps in field sampling effort and research attention. Five ecoregions - all in moist broadleaf forests - generate 22% of the total citations but cover only 3% of the tropical land area. By contrast, drier biomes with low tree cover account collectively for 57% of the tropical area but generate only 20% of total citations. Locations that are drier, colder, with greater plant species richness, lower tree cover and facing greater climate change extremes are under-sampled and under-cited. Our results will help to correct these imbalances to improve the scientific basis for environmental policies across the tropics.
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