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Item type:Publication, How the European Citizens’ Initiative ‘Water and Sanitation is a Human Right!’ Changed EU Discourse on Water Services Provision(Utrecht University Library Open Access Journals (Publishing Services), 2020-01-01)In 2010 the United Nations General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation in what is seen as a historical vote by water activists. Implementation of the right to water is imperative to achieve sustainable development. In 2011 the regulation for a European Citizens’ Initiative (ECI) entered into force in the European Union. With such an initiative it is possible to propose an issue for European legislation by collecting one million signatures from citizens in at least seven Member States. The European federation of trade unions in the public services sector (EPSU) decided to take up the challenge to organise such an ECI and formed a diverse coalition of organisations and water activists that became known as ‘Right2Water.’ Their proposal was ‘to implement the human right to water and sanitation in European law.’ Although it was successful in achieving the required number of supporters, the European Commission answered that implementation of the human right to water was to be left to Member States and that there was no need to change existing legislation. The Right2Water movement aimed not as much to change legislation but more to challenge EU neoliberal policies and shift them from a ‘market approach’ to a ‘rights-based approach.’ This chapter looks at the factors that contributed to the success of ‘Right2Water,’ how the ideological debate around the human right to water took place during the campaign and the impact it had on EU discourse as well as on EU water policy. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Interview article: water movements’ defense of the right to water. From the European arena to the Dutch exception(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021-01-01)In 2012 public service trade unions and water activists started a European Citizens’ Initiative to get the human right to water implemented in European law. It became the start of the “Right2Water” movement that successfully defended drinking water supply in the European Union against European Commission plans for liberalisation, marketisation and the subsequent threat of privatisation. In countries with a good functioning public water system, resistance against privatisation of water was high, especially in Germany, Austria and Belgium, but surprisingly this level of resistance was absent in the Netherlands, which has a similarly good and well-known public water supply system. In this article we interview two persons that have both experience in European as well as in the Netherlands’ water policies and legislation, and in water services provision. We investigate how the right to water is defined, legally decreed and socially interpreted and defended at different levels. We also investigate the apparent paradox with regards to water in the Netherlands, where people seemed very committed to and proud of their public water management, but did not stand up against a privatisation threat, whereas around the globe water privatisation plans are met with great resistance. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Analysis of subsection 3.2.7 of the annex to Regulation (EU) No. 488-2014 concerning the maximum cadmium content in chocolate and derived products under the WTO sanitary and phytosanitary rules(2021-01-01)The requirement for maximum levels of cadmium in cocoa and derived products established in subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to the European Union (EU) Regulation No. 488/2014 shall be in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Thus, through the dogmatic method it is analysed whether it is a SPS measure that affects international trade and if it complies with the basic principles of the SPS Agreement as if the measure: was issued under the sovereign right of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to adopt SPS measures, was adopted to protect human life or health, had scientific basis, and does not imply arbitrary or unjustified discrimination. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, New challenges for the European Union's Multiparty Trade Agreement with Peru, Colombia and Ecuador(2022-02-23)This document analyses the trade and cooperation relations between the European Union and the Andean countries with which the Multiparty Trade Agreement was signed (Peru, Ecuador and Colombia). It also examines the progress and challenges in terms of the sustainable development agenda, political dialogue and cooperation within the framework of the agreement. From there, it explores the different technical difficulties that have arisen in the implementation of the agreement and the role of the monitoring bodies. The aim is to study the strategic importance of the agreement in relations between the European Union and Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, and its contribution to the post-pandemic economic recovery and the promotion of new development models.