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    A Review on Composite Materials for Energy Harvesting in Electric Vehicles
    (MDPI, 2023-04-01)
    The field of energy harvesting is expanding to power various devices, including electric vehicles, with energy derived from their surrounding environments. The unique mechanical and electrical qualities of composite materials make them ideal for energy harvesting applications, and they have shown tremendous promise in this area. Yet additional studies are needed to fully grasp the promise of composite materials for energy harvesting in electric vehicles. This article reviews composite materials used for energy harvesting in electric vehicles, discussing mechanical characteristics, electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and cost-effectiveness. As a bonus, it delves into using composites in piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and thermoelectric energy harvesters. The high strength-to-weight ratio provided by composite materials is a major benefit for energy harvesting. Especially important in electric vehicles, where saving weight means saving money at the pump and driving farther between charges, this quality is a boon to the field. Many composite materials and their possible uses in energy harvesting systems are discussed in the article. These composites include polymer-based composites, metal-based composites, bio-waste-based hybrid composites and cement-based composites. In addition to describing the promising applications of composite materials for energy harvesting in electric vehicles, the article delves into the obstacles that must be overcome before the technology can reach its full potential. Energy harvesting devices could be more effective and reliable if composite materials were cheaper and less prone to damage. Further study is also required to determine the durability and dependability of composite materials for use in energy harvesting. However, composite materials show promise for energy harvesting in E.V.s. Further study and development are required before their full potential can be realized. This article discusses the significant challenges and potential for future research and development in composite materials for energy harvesting in electric vehicles. It thoroughly evaluates the latest advances and trends in this field.
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    ULVAN FROM ULVA NEMATOIDEA AS A NOVEL ACTIVE SURFACE MATERIAL FOR TRIBOELECTRIC NANOGENERATORS
    (Cisa Publisher - Eurowaste Srl, 2025-03-01)
    Marine algae represent an underutilized biomass resource. Biopolymers can be extracted from different types of algae. Alginates and carrageenans are among the most common biopolymers extracted from brown and red algae. They find applications in the food and biomaterials industries, among others. However, other available marine algae are not commercially exploited. For instance, green algae from the Ulvaceae family remain largely unexploited and have no industrial applications. In particular, Ulva species can serve as a promising source for the extraction of a biopolymer known as ulvan. This work reports the development of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for energy harvesting applications using ulvan extracted from the green algae Ulva nematoidea. Ulvan was extracted via an alkaline method. The extracted ulvan was dissolved in water, poured into petri dishes, and dried to form thin films. TENGs were prepared using Ulvan-Kapton® and Ulvan-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) triboelectric pairs. The Ulvan-Kapton® TENG showed a maximum voltage of 2.12 V and a short-circuit current of 1.6 µA while the Ulvan-PTFE TENG showed a maximum voltage of 43.60 V and a short-circuit current of 5.6 µA. This performance is similar to the performance of other TENGs fabricated from commercial biopolymers. This suggest that ulvan extracted from Ulva nematoidea have potential applications as active surface of TENGs for the development of sustainable energy harvesting devices. This work shows that bio-based materials from green algae can serve as a potential alternative for renewable energy generation. Further research will allow to enhance mechanical properties, electrical performance, and durability of ulvan-based TENGs to improve their practical applicability.
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