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    Vulnerable Women in a Pandemic: Paid Domestic Workers and COVID-19 in Peru
    (Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2020-12-01)
    Paid domestic workers (PDWs) in Peru, who are predominantly women, are one of the most vulnerable labour sectors in the country. We argue that an important factor explaining this is linked to national legislation that grants only partial rights to the sector, thus maintaining inferior labour conditions for such workers. Here we share our analysis of a survey of 314 PDWs, conducted between April and May 2020, confirming that PDWs in Peru are highly unprotected, particularly during the COVID pandemic, in which there has been a lack of comprehensive social protection schemes.
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    From dead letter to functional policy? Domestic workers' rights and “disformality” in Peru
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2024-09-01)
    This article examines the extent to which Peru's Law No. 31047/2020, which grants paid domestic workers full legal rights and social protection, has improved workers' access to contracts and rights. We analyse data from Peru's National Household Survey and present insights from interviews with five employers and a focus group of 11 workers. These complement statistical findings regarding the law's implementation, challenges and policy suggestions. We find that workers' rights have largely not been upheld owing to both the State's poor enforcement of the legislation and employer non-compliance, a situation enabled by Peru's socio-economic “disformality”.
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    Assessing health disparities faced by female paid domestic workers in Peru before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2025-12-01)
    BACKGROUND: Female paid domestic workers are among the most vulnerable occupational groups globally, often lacking formal social protection and limited labour rights. The COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated these vulnerabilities, yet quantitative evidence from low and middle income countries is scarce. This study examines health disparities in Peru between female paid domestic workers and females employed in the formal service sector before, during, and after the pandemic. METHODS: We used pooled cross sectional data from the Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO, 2018-2023). The primary outcomes were self reported illness symptoms and healthcare seeking behaviour. We compared female paid domestic workers to female formal workers in other service occupations-including both personal and nonpersonal services-across three time periods: prepandemic (January 2018 - February 2020), pandemic (March 2020 - October 2022), and postpandemic (November 2022 - December 2023). Analyses involved comparing differences in proportions and conducting Wald tests. We also stratified results by key social determinants of health, including education, ethnicity, age, income, chronic disease status, household head status, and access to labour rights. RESULTS: Female paid domestic workers reported more illness symptoms and sought less healthcare than females working in nonpersonal service roles, especially during the pandemic. The difference in proportions - 5.9 percentage points (pp.) for illness symptoms and 16.5 pp. for healthcare-seeking behaviour- became smaller after one year. There were no significant differences when comparing female paid domestic workers to other personal service workers. Stratified results indicated that outcome differences between female paid domestic workers and female working in non-personal services were wider among household heads, those with chronic conditions, and those with limited access to labour rights. Post-pandemic disparities were especially pronounced among younger females, low-wage earners, and those with less education. CONCLUSION: In Peru, female paid domestic workers experienced persistent health disadvantages before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with females with formal employment. Addressing these disparities requires comprehensive policies that promote formalization and social security coverage to advance progress on Sustainable Development Goal 3.
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