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Item type:Publication, Digital Inclusion Across the Americas and Caribbean(Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2020-05-14)This research brings together digital inequality scholars from across the Americas and Caribbean to examine efforts to tackle digital inequality in Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States, and Canada. As the case studies show, governmental policy has an important role to play in reducing digital disparities, particularly for potential users in rural or remote areas, as well as populations with great economic disparities. We find that public policy can effectively reduce access gaps when it combines the trifecta of network, device, and skill provision, especially through educational institutions. We also note, that urban populations have benefitted from digital inclusion strategies to a greater degree. This underscores that, no matter the national context, rural-urban digital inequality (and often associated economic inequality) is resistant to change. Even when access is provided, potential users may not find it affordable, lack skills, and/or see no benefit in adoption. We see the greatest potential for future digital inclusion in two related approaches: 1) initiatives that connect with hard-to-reach, remote, and rural communities outside urban cores and 2) initiatives that learn from communities about how best to provide digital resources while respecting their diversely situated contexts, while meeting social, economic and political needs. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Digital inclusion across the Americas and the Caribbean(Cogitatio Press, 2020-01-01)This research brings together digital inequality scholars from across the Americas and Caribbean to examine efforts to tackle digital inequality in Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States, and Canada. As the case studies show, governmental policy has an important role to play in reducing digital disparities, particularly for potential users in rural or remote areas, as well as populations with great economic disparities. We find that public policy can effectively reduce access gaps when it combines the trifecta of network, device, and skill provision, especially through educational institutions. We also note, that urban populations have benefitted from digital inclusion strategies to a greater degree. This underscores that, no matter the national context, rural-urban digital inequality (and often associated economic inequality) is resistant to change. Even when access is provided, potential users may not find it affordable, lack skills, and/or see no benefit in adoption. We see the greatest potential for future digital inclusion in two related approaches: 1) initiatives that connect with hard-to-reach, remote, and rural communities outside urban cores and 2) initiatives that learn from communities about how best to provide digital resources while respecting their diversely situated contexts, while meeting social, economic and political needs. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Small rural operators techno-economic analysis to bring mobile services to isolated communities: The case of Peru Amazon rainforest(Elsevier, 2020-11-01)A large number of rural communities in developing countries do not have access to communications services, unlike urban areas where these services have rapidly grown. This connectivity gap is mainly caused by the urban-oriented business models of traditional operators, which are not cost-effective in regions that are characterized by isolation, low population density, and scarcity of resources. This paper analyzes a feasible and sustainable strategy to deploy mobile communications services (voice and data) in isolated communities in developing countries with less than 1000 inhabitants by combining appropriate low-cost technologies and an innovative business model fostered by recent regulation. This innovative model is based on the legal figure of the SRO (Small Rural Operator), which is specifically oriented to reach small communities in isolated rural areas. The results are based on a real deployment in 6 communities of the Peruvian Amazon, which was carried out by a consortium of universities, NGOs (Non-Government Organizations), and cellular operators. This deployment allowed us to obtain practical information on the cost structure of mobile networks in isolated areas, characterize the rural demand and the revenues associated with it, and understand how the business model of traditional operators could be adapted. This information permitted us to propose, implement and validate the SRO approach. The paper shows the results of this research and provides some lessons learned. The main conclusion is that the recent Peruvian regulation opened a niche market for SROs who want to offer services in isolated communities with less than 1000 inhabitants. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Digital poverty(Elsevier, 2024-01-01)The concept of poverty has been extensively discussed over the years. Since the emergence of the multidimensional poverty concept, emphasis has begun to be placed on certain dimensions that make it up. Given that the exponential advancement of technology has transformed the way the world works, it is relevant to discuss the concept of poverty in the digital sphere. The objective of this entry is to carry out a critical analysis of the literature developed on digital poverty, its background, the factors that compose it, and its relationship with multidimensional poverty. The document concludes by arguing that digital poverty extends beyond the inaccessibility of technological devices since other social variables are also relevant in its definition. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Artificial intelligence and international trade from a Latin American perspective(Kluwer Law International, 2024-01-01)The article explores the impact of Artificial intelligence (AI) on international trade, focusing on challenges and opportunities for developing countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). As AI advances, it creates regulatory challenges and ethical concerns, especially regarding human rights and public morals, which may lead to trade frictions not addressed by current international agreements. AI brings important benefits to countries, such as cost reductions and efficiencies, alongside challenges related to data privacy, competition, and security. For developing countries, adopting AI offers both opportunities and obstacles, with infrastructure and human capital constraints being significant hurdles. The article suggests flexible regulatory approaches to attract investment, promote digital services exports, and ease cross-border data flow. While global trade discussions, particularly within the WTO, are addressing AI-related issues, regional agreements have made more progress. These agreements lack however comprehensive coverage and effective dispute resolution. It is important for LAC countries participating in international negotiations to ensure their interests are represented and to help shape global digital governance standards, enabling them to fully benefit from AI.