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Item type:Publication, Adobe constructions in the world: a first overview(Springer Nature, 2021-01-01)Adobe constructions date back thousands of years and are a significant fraction of the world’s built heritage, including UNESCO sites. Even though adobe dwellings are still built in some regions, a number of experimental and theoretical studies have delineated the vulnerability levels of these constructions. A significant concentration of adobe constructions in regions with moderate-to-high levels of seismic hazard has been observed as well, resulting in huge human losses during earthquakes. Therefore, the knowledge of the structural performance and seismic reinforcement of adobe constructions provides the basis for their structural vulnerability reduction, allowing disaster risk mitigation and community preparedness. This is also a strategic task to meet sustainability and community resilience goals in multiple countries, where guidelines for both existing and new adobe constructions must be implemented. This chapter provides readers with preliminary information on history, worldwide distribution, construction features and observed performance of adobe constructions for different demand scenarios. These topics are recalled and discussed in more detail in subsequent chapters. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Dynamic numerical study of traditional dry-stone walls with YADE(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024-01-01)On the hills of some Andean cities in South America, the population has built their homes on terraces supported by traditional dry-stone retaining walls (“pircas”) without any regulation or code. Because this zone is prone to strong earthquake ground motions, it is necessary a better understanding of the pircas’s out-of-plane behavior and collapse mechanism for risk prevention and mitigation. However, no dynamic studies of this traditional construction exist to date. This work addresses a numerical study of the response of pircas subjected to ground motions in the out-of-plane direction and how different construction techniques (i.e. block arrangements and wall configurations) can affect this response. The dynamic analysis was carried out with the YADE (open-source software for discrete numerical models and focused on the Discrete Element Method, DEM). By varying the vertical separation of Through stones (tie stones) and overlap of stones in the cross-section of the walls, we obtained 5 models which were subjected to a representative seismic signal. Regular and parallelepiped clumps (groups of rigidly joined spheres) were selected for modeling the wall blocks due to their versatility in their geometry and lower computational cost than other types of particles supported by YADE [1]. The effect of the backfill has not been considered yet, since we are focused on the wall configuration effects on the dynamic response. In the absence of dynamic experimental results, the precise calibration of the numerical model has yet to be sought. The results obtained are preliminary. At a later stage, an experimental dynamic test will be carried out, and they can be properly calibrated. The numerical results showed that when the wall presents a cross-section with adequate overlap, the amount of Through Stone (from 2.2 to 3.6 per m2) is not important. On the other hand, when the wall cross-section has no overlap, the wall presents the least resistance to moderate damage levels and collapse. Additionally, it was possible to verify that the pseudo-static out-of-plane response (obtained in a previous study) is more conservative than the dynamic one.